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| <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil</span></h1> |
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| <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brazilian Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brazil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brazil (disambiguation)">Brazil (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)">Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> |
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| <span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=10_S_52_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°S</span> <span class="longitude">52°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10°S 52°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10; -52</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> |
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| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federative Republic of Brazil</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">República Federativa do Brasil</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> |
| <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> |
| <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Brazil"><img alt="Flag of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a></div> |
| <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag</a></div> |
| </div> |
| <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> |
| <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="397" /></a></div> |
| <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil"> Coat of arms</a></div> |
| </div> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Ordem e Progresso</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Portuguese)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Order and Progress"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem" title="Brazilian National Anthem">Hino Nacional Brasileiro</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Portuguese)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Brazilian National Anthem"</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="202" data-mwtitle="Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="194320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (376 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="376330" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español (es)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego (gl)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=gn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gn" label="Avañe'ẽ (gn)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 (ja)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés (mwl)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil (pt-br)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português (pt)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Flag_anthem" title="Flag anthem">Flag anthem</a>:</b> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem" title="Brazilian Flag Anthem">Hino à Bandeira Nacional</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Portuguese)</span><sup id="cite_ref-HinoBandeira_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinoBandeira-1">[1]</a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"National Flag Anthem"</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_(Brazilian_Army).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="207224" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (365 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="364900" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil (pt-br)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português (pt)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Brazilian_Army%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский (ru)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">National seal</a></b><br /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/National_Seal_of_Brazil" title="National Seal of Brazil">Selo Nacional do Brasil</a></i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">National Seal of Brazil</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/National_Seal_of_Brazil" title="National Seal of Brazil"><img alt="National Seal of Brazil (color).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/100px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/150px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/200px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="570" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_orthographic.svg" class="image" title="Location of Brazil"><img alt="Location of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/250px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/375px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/500px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=15_47_S_47_52_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°47′S</span> <span class="longitude">47°52′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.783°S 47.867°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.783; -47.867</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=23_33_S_46_38_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°33′S</span> <span class="longitude">46°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.550°S 46.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-23.550; -46.633</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">and national language</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-5">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>47.73% <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap">43.13% <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></sup></li><li>7.61% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a></li><li>1.09% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">East Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a></sup></li><li>0.43% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-5">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;">88.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space;">—64.6% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Roman Catholic</a></li><li style="white-space;">—22.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestant</a></li><li style="white-space;">—2.0% Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li><li style="white-space;">8.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Brazil" title="Irreligion in Brazil">No religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">2.0% <a href="/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">Spiritism</a></li><li style="white-space;">1.2% Other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Mour%C3%A3o" title="Hamilton Mourão">Hamilton Mourão</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">President of the<br />Chamber of Deputies</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lira" title="Arthur Lira">Arthur Lira</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the <br />Federal Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_(politician)" title="Rodrigo Pacheco (politician)">Rodrigo Pacheco</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court#President_and_Vice-President_of_the_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">President of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Weber" title="Rosa Weber">Rosa Weber</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> |
| </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Federal Senate</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1988</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> |
| </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,515,767 km<sup>2</sup> (3,287,956 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.65</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">217,240,060<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25/km<sup>2</sup> (64.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">193rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.680 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBR-9">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $17,208<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBR-9">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">88th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.833 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBR-9">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,570<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBR-9">[6]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">104th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Positive decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 53.4<sup id="cite_ref-WBgini_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBgini-10">[7]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkred">high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">10th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.754<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-11">[8]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">87th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real</a> (R$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BRL</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−2 to −5</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">BRT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Brazil" title="Date and time notation in Brazil">dd/mm/yyyy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brazil" title="Telephone numbers in Brazil">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brazil" title="Telephone numbers in Brazil">+55</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BR" title="ISO 3166-2:BR">BR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.br" title=".br">.br</a></td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <p><b>Brazil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Brasil</i>; <span style="font-size:85%;">Brazilian Portuguese: </span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="pt-BR-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[bɾaˈziw]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[nt 1]</a></sup> officially the <b>Federative Republic of Brazil</b> (Portuguese: <span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg" class="internal" title="Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg"><i>República Federativa do Brasil</i></a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Bello1966v_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bello1966v-13">[9]</a></sup> is the largest country in both <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></sup> and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">fifth-largest country by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">seventh most populous</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">its most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>. It is the largest country to have <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language">official language</a> and the only one in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Philander2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philander2012-15">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrocittiVallance2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrocittiVallance2011-16">[12]</a></sup> one of the most <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigration from around the world</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a></sup> and the most populous <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Roman Catholic-majority country</a>. |
| </p><p>Bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> on the east, Brazil has a <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">coastline</a> of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> It borders all other countries and territories in South America except <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> includes a <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">vast tropical forest</a>, home to diverse <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">wildlife</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">ecological systems</a>, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">protected habitats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>, and is the subject of significant global interest, as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> through processes like <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">deforestation</a> has direct impacts on global issues like <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. |
| </p><p>The territory which would become known as Brazil was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">numerous tribal nations</a> prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>, who claimed the discovered land for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. Brazil remained a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese colony</a> until 1808 when the capital of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro</a>. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a> was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> governed under a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">constitutional monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary system</a>. The ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">first constitution in 1824</a> led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a> was <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolished</a> in 1888. The country <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">became a presidential republic</a> in 1889 following a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. An authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military junta</a> came to power <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">in 1964</a> and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">constitution</a>, formulated in 1988, defines it as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">thirteenth in the world</a> by number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SchaeferPoffenbarger2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchaeferPoffenbarger2014-22">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burges2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burges2016-23">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gina_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gina-24">[20]</a></sup> and is also classified as an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FRIDE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRIDE-25">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collecott_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collecott-26">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DominguezKim2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DominguezKim2013-28">[24]</a></sup> It is considered an advanced <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a></sup> having the twelfth largest <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> in the world by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal</a>, and ninth by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a> measures, the largest in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF,_October_2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF,_October_2015-30">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a></sup> As an upper-middle income economy by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><sup id="cite_ref-wb-upper-middle_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-upper-middle-32">[28]</a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a></sup> Brazil has <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">the largest share of global wealth</a> in South America and it is one of the world's major <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbaskets</a>, being the largest <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">producer of coffee</a> for the last 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson102_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson102-34">[30]</a></sup> However, the country maintains noticeable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">social inequality</a>. Brazil is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>. |
| </p> |
| <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Pre-Cabraline_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-Cabraline era</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Portuguese_colonization"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Portuguese colonization</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#United_Kingdom_with_Portugal"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom with Portugal</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Independent_empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Independent empire</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_republic"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Early republic</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Contemporary_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary era</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Topography_and_hydrography"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Topography and hydrography</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Biodiversity and conservation</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Law"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Foreign_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign policy</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Law enforcement and crime</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Science_and_technology"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Science and technology</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Energy"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Energy</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Media_and_communication"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Media and communication</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Race and ethnicity</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Urbanization"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Urbanization</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Cinema"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Visual_arts"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Visual arts</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">8.8</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> |
| <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
|
|
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brazil" title="Name of Brazil">Name of Brazil</a></div> |
| <p>The word "Brazil" likely comes from the Portuguese word for <a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesalpinia echinata">brazilwood</a>, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Fausto1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fausto1999-35">[31]</a></sup> In Portuguese, brazilwood is called <i>pau-brasil</i>, with the word <i>brasil</i> commonly given the etymology "red like an <a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">ember</a>," formed from <i>brasa</i> ("ember") and the suffix <i>-il</i> (from <i>-iculum</i> or <i>-ilium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent2003-36">[32]</a></sup> As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2007-37">[33]</a></sup> Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous peoples</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi</a>) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2011-38">[34]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (<i>Terra da Santa Cruz</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Corporation1880_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporation1880-39">[35]</a></sup> but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" (<i>Terra do Brasil</i>) because of the brazilwood trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Léry1990_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Léry1990-40">[36]</a></sup> The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots."<sup id="cite_ref-Sokolow2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokolow2003-41">[37]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani language</a>, an official language of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees."<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-Sobek2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Sobek2012-42">[38]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline of Brazilian history</a>.</div> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-Cabraline_era">Pre-Cabraline era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Cabraline era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/220px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/330px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/440px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> at <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>, one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a></sup></div></div></div> |
| <p>Some of the earliest human remains found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a>, were found in the area of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Leopoldo" title="Pedro Leopoldo">Pedro Leopoldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-45">[41]</a></sup> |
| The earliest <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> of Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Par%C3%A1" title="Santarém, Pará">Santarém</a> and provides evidence that the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-46">[42]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a> flourished on <a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a> in the Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, large populations, <a href="/wiki/Mound_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound building">mound building</a>, and complex social formations such as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-47">[43]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a></sup> mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The indigenous population of Brazil comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tupis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%AA_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Gê peoples">Gês</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawaks</a>). The Tupí people were subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Tupiniquim_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupiniquim people">Tupiniquins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambás</a>, and there were also many subdivisions of the other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200331_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200331-49">[45]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fausto_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fausto-50">[46]</a></sup> These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> rituals on <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80-52">[48]</a></sup> While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fausto_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fausto-50">[46]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> among the Indians had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200050_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200050-53">[49]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Portuguese_colonization">Portuguese colonization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Portuguese colonization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">War of the Emboabas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_(1865%E2%80%931939).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/220px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/330px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/440px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2775" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_(1865%E2%80%931939).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landing in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Seguro" title="Porto Seguro">Porto Seguro</a> in 1500, ushering in more than 300 years of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> rule of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>Following the 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p._98_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-54">[50]</a></sup> The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi–Guarani">Tupi–Guarani</a> family and fought among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p. 100_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-55">[51]</a></sup> Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> effectively began in 1534, when King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skidmore,_p. 27_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-57">[53]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy colonies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governorate General of Brazil</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Skidmore,_p. 27_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-57">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a></sup> In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic">opportunistic</a> alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012-61">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a></sup> By the mid-16th century, <a href="/wiki/Sugar#Sugarcane" title="Sugar">cane sugar</a> had become Brazil's most important export,<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p. 100_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-55">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a></sup> while slaves purchased in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Slavery in Africa">slave market of Western Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a></sup> (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>), had become its largest import,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a></sup> to cope with <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantations</a> of sugarcane, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p. 102_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._102-67">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></sup> Portuguese Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years of 1500 to 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes,_1914.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg/220px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg/330px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg/440px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant%C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes,_1914.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Painting showing the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a>; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">movement for independence</a> in Colonial Brazil. Painting of 1914.</div></div></div> |
| <p>By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a></sup> and the discovery of gold by <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a> in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Brazilian Gold Rush</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a></sup> which attracted thousands of new <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settlers</a> to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a></sup> This increased level of immigration in turn caused <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">some conflicts</a> between newcomers and old settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Portuguese expeditions known as <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeiras</a> <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis#The_Brazilian_frontier_movement_into_Spanish-claimed_lands" title="Uti possidetis">gradually advanced the Portugal colonial original frontiers in South America to approximately the current Brazilian borders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a></sup> In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">in Rio during the 1560s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">in Maranhão during the 1610s</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, after the end of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> and resistance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Quilombo of Palmares</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a></sup> and to repress all movements for <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div style="clear:both;"></div> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom_with_Portugal">United Kingdom with Portugal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom with Portugal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/220px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/330px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/440px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="836" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Acclamation of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King João VI</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 6 February 1818</div></div></div> |
| <p>In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">continental Portugal</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent João</a>, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>, to move the royal court from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p. 213_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._213-79">[75]</a></sup> There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">National Bank</a>, additionally ending the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">Portuguese conquest of French Guiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, thus creating a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> transatlantic monarchic state.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosher2008_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosher2008-82">[78]</a></sup> However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Adelman2006_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelman2006-83">[79]</a></sup> João VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Pedro de Alcântara</a>, as Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Independent_empire">Independent empire</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent empire">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/330px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/440px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="1997" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> by Prince Pedro (later Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>) on 7 September 1822.</div></div></div> |
| <p>Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a>, guided by the new political regime imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a>, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a></sup> The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Declaration of Independence">declaring the country's independence from Portugal</a> on 7 September 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a></sup> A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a>, with the royal title of Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, resulting in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazilian War of Independence</a>, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> province.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a></sup> The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a></sup> Portugal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">officially recognized</a> Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">republican secession</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83-91">[87]</a></sup> and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I went to Portugal to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">reclaim his daughter's crown</a> after <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">abdicating the Brazilian throne</a> in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (who thus became the Empire's second monarch, with the royal title of Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/170px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/255px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/340px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3844" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> between 1831 and 1889.</div></div></div> |
| <p>As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">regency</a> was set up by the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a></sup> In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão-Pará Province">Grão-Pará Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salvador_da_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador da Bahia">Salvador da Bahia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sabinada" title="Sabinada">Sabinada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> and was supported by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>. These emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3-94">[90]</a></sup> This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the <a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_II#Early_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro II">premature coronation of Pedro II</a> in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-95">[91]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> was abandoned in 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a></sup> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Act" title="Aberdeen Act">Aberdeen Act</a>, but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery in the country</a>, was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> that resulted in the independence of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a></sup> Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II. These were the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> and the devastating <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> in Brazilian history.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"-100">[96]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-101">[97]</a></sup> on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Army</a> officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a></sup> A few days later, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">national flag</a> was replaced with a new design that included the national motto <i>"Ordem e Progresso"</i>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>. 15 November is now <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>, a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_republic">Early republic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early republic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#Estado_Novo" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era § Estado Novo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Brazilian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Brazilian Republic">Second Brazilian Republic</a></div> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:418px;max-width:418px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/220px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/330px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/440px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="3574" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a></i>, 1893, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Benedito_Calixto" title="Benedito Calixto">Benedito Calixto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="134" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="432" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (<i>center</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>The early republican government was nothing more than a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallman2002end_of_Chapter_1,_from_p._18_"Military_rule"_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman2002end_of_Chapter_1,_from_p._18_"Military_rule"-104">[100]</a></sup> Not until 1894, following <a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">an economic</a> crisis and <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">a military one</a>, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallman200221–26_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman200221–26-105">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>If in relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></sup> only broken by the <a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a> (1899–1902) and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">its involvement</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></sup> followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a></sup> Internally, from the crisis of <i>Encilhamento</i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Armada Revolts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></sup> a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a></sup> and military.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Little by little, <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_and_revolutions_in_Brazil#1st_Republican_period_(1889–1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil">a cycle of general instability</a> sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, supported by most of the military, successfully led the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></sup> Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Massarosaw.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/220px-Massarosaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/330px-Massarosaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/440px-Massarosaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="915" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Massarosaw.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">FEB</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> military force in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Massarosa" title="Massarosa">Massarosa</a>, Italy, 1944.</div></div></div> |
| <p>In the 1930s, three failed attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power occurred. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a> in 1932, led by the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">Paulista</a> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. The second was a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian uprising of 1935">Communist uprising</a> in November 1935, and the last one a <i><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">putsch</a></i> attempt by <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">local fascists</a> in May 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></sup> The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The <a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 <i>coup d'état</i></a> resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Brazil remained neutral until August 1942 Brazil suffered <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare#Atlantic_ocean" title="Submarine warfare">retaliation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_under_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy under fascism">Fascist Italy</a> in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, entered on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied side</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#South_Atlantic_(May_1942_–_September_1943)" title="Battle of the Atlantic">its participation in the battle of the Atlantic</a>, Brazil also sent an <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">expeditionary force</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></sup> Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">History of Brazil since 1985</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:398px;max-width:398px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/170px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/255px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/340px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1427" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Construction of the building of <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, the new capital, 1959</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas,_1968-04-04.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/220px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/330px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/440px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="499" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41s</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Presidente_Vargas" title="Avenida Presidente Vargas">Avenida Presidente Vargas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">military government</a></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">political opposition</a> that allowed him to govern without major crises.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a></sup> The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a></sup> but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, inaugurated in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></sup> Kubitschek's successor, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a>, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a></sup> His vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a></sup> and was <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">deposed in April 1964</a> by a coup that resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The new regime was intended to be transitory<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></sup> but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/AI-5" class="mw-redirect" title="AI-5">Fifth Institutional Act</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaspari_p.35_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaspari_p.35-146">[142]</a></sup> Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395],_last_paragraph_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395],_last_paragraph-147">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></sup> inside and outside the country through the infamous "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA396_396]_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA396_396]-150">[146]</a></sup> Like other brutal <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regimes</a>, due to an economic boom, known as an "<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">economic miracle</a>", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395–97]_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395–97]-151">[147]</a></sup> Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></sup> plus the inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golbery_do_Couto_e_Silva" title="Golbery do Couto e Silva">Golbery do Couto e Silva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_6_"The_military_government_and_the_transition_to_democracy_(1964–1984)"_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_6_"The_military_government_and_the_transition_to_democracy_(1964–1984)"-153">[149]</a></sup> With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law#Brazil" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty Law</a> in 1979, Brazil began a slow return to democracy, which was completed during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-95">[91]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/220px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/330px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/440px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="1772" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Ulysses Guimarães">Ulysses Guimarães</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of 1988</a> in his hands</div></div></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1-real-2019-25-anos.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1-real-2019-25-anos.png/220px-1-real-2019-25-anos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1-real-2019-25-anos.png/330px-1-real-2019-25-anos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1-real-2019-25-anos.png/440px-1-real-2019-25-anos.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="325" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1-real-2019-25-anos.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">1 real</a> commemorating 25 years of <a href="/wiki/Real_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Plan">Real Plan</a>, which brought stability to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazilian economy</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Brazil" title="Hyperinflation in Brazil">years of hyperinflation</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>Civilians returned to power in 1985 when <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> he inherited from the military regime.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></sup> Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1989">election in 1989</a> of the almost-unknown <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor</a>, subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></sup> Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a>, who appointed <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful <a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></sup> that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Epilogue_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Epilogue-157">[153]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></sup> Cardoso won the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1994">1994 election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1998">again in 1998</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2002">elected in 2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2006">re-elected in 2006</a>), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></sup> However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, inefficiencies of the political <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil" title="2013 protests in Brazil">numerous peaceful protests</a> erupted in Brazil from the middle of first term of <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>, who had succeeded Lula after winning election <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2010">in 2010</a> and again <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2014">in 2014</a> by narrow margins.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Rousseff <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">was impeached</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Congress">Brazilian Congress</a> in 2016, halfway into her second term,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-164">[160]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a></sup> and replaced by her Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_protests_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 protests in Brazil">protests for and against her</a> took place during the impeachment process.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></sup> The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians (from all the primary political parties) in several <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> schemes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>'s cabinet who were allegedly linked to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Petrobras corruption scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a></sup> President Temer himself was also accused of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a></sup> According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In the fiercely disputed <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018 elections</a>, the controversial conservative candidate <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a> (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Haddad" title="Fernando Haddad">Fernando Haddad</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers Party</a> (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a></sup> In the early 2020s, Brazil became one of the hardest hit countries during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCGuerin_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCGuerin-171">[167]</a></sup> Experts have largely blamed the situation on the leadership of President Bolsonaro, who throughout the pandemic has repeatedly downplayed the threat of COVID-19 and dissuaded states and cities from enforcing quarantine measures, prioritizing the nation's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCGuerin_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCGuerin-171">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_topo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/220px-Brazil_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/330px-Brazil_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/440px-Brazil_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1419" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_topo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Topographic map of Brazil</div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_6_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_6-174">[170]</a></sup> sharing land borders with <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> to the south; <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> to the southwest; <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to the northwest; and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and France (French overseas region of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>It also encompasses a number of oceanic <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocas_Atoll" title="Rocas Atoll">Rocas Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Paul Rocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_6_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_6-174">[170]</a></sup> Including its <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> islands, Brazil lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_south" title="34th parallel south">34°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/28th_meridian_west" title="28th meridian west">28°</a> and <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_west" title="74th meridian west">74°W</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">fifth largest</a> country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km<sup>2</sup> (3,287,956 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Area_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Area-175">[171]</a></sup> including 55,455 km<sup>2</sup> (21,411 sq mi) of water. Brazil is also the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> and the only country in the world that has the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> running through it.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>It spans four <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>; from <a href="/wiki/UTC-05" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-05">UTC−5</a> comprising the state of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a> and the westernmost portion of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−04">UTC−4</a> in the western states, to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−03">UTC−3</a> in the eastern states (the <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">national time</a>) and <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−02">UTC−2</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Atlantic islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timezones_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timezones-176">[172]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topography_and_hydrography">Topography and hydrography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Topography and hydrography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:403px;max-width:403px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/210px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="139" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/315px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/420px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_National_Park" title="Serra dos Órgãos National Park">Serra dos Órgãos National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teres%C3%B3polis" title="Teresópolis">Teresópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro state">Rio de Janeiro state</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg/185px-Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg/278px-Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg/370px-Canind%C3%A9_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Xingó canyon in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delmiro_Gouveia" title="Delmiro Gouveia">Delmiro Gouveia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 meters (660 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft) in elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-177">[173]</a></sup> The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-177">[173]</a></sup> The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-177">[173]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7_177-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-177">[173]</a></sup> These ranges include the <a href="/wiki/Mantiqueira_Mountains" title="Mantiqueira Mountains">Mantiqueira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espinha%C3%A7o_Mountains" title="Espinhaço Mountains">Espinhaço</a> mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Mar" title="Serra do Mar">Serra do Mar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_7_177-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-177">[173]</a></sup> In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Shield" title="Guiana Shield">Guiana Highlands</a> form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> from rivers that empty into the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the <a href="/wiki/Pico_da_Neblina" title="Pico da Neblina">Pico da Neblina</a> at 2,994 meters (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_8_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_8-178">[174]</a></sup> Major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a> and its major tributary the <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_River" title="Iguazu River">Iguaçu</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Negro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xingu_River" title="Xingu River">Xingu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Tapajós</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_8_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_8-178">[174]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="2508" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification_Brazil.tiff" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Brazil map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> zones</div></div></div> |
| <p>The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-18">[14]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen system</a>, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">subtropical</a>. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">equatorial rainforests</a> in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">temperate coniferous forests</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savannas</a> in central Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Weather_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-179">[175]</a></sup> Many regions have starkly different <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_9_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-180">[176]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BT_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT-181">[177]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Weather_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-179">[175]</a></sup> Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-BT_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT-181">[177]</a></sup> with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_9_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-180">[176]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_9_180-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-180">[176]</a></sup> This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Weather_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-179">[175]</a></sup> In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-Rain_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rain-182">[178]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain,<sup id="cite_ref-Rain_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rain-182">[178]</a></sup> most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></sup> and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_9_180-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-180">[176]</a></sup> Brazil's 1877–78 <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Seca" title="Grande Seca">Grande Seca</a></i> (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></sup> caused approximately half a million deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></sup> A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Weather_179-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-179">[175]</a></sup> The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);<sup id="cite_ref-BT_181-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT-181">[177]</a></sup> winter frosts and <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Brazil" title="Snow in Brazil">snowfall</a> are not rare in the highest areas.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Weather_179-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-179">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_9_180-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-180">[176]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set as indicative target of reaching <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2060 if the country gets 10 billion dollars per year.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biodiversity and conservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">Deforestation in Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Conservation in Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas of Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_CIAT_(5).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/200px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/300px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg/400px-Amazon_CIAT_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The majority of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, the most biodiverse <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in the world, is contained <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">within Brazil</a>, with 60% of the forest.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_(Panthera_onca_palustris)_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG/200px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG/300px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG/400px-Jaguar_%28Panthera_onca_palustris%29_female_Piquiri_River_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Female <a href="/wiki/Pantanal_jaguar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantanal jaguar">pantanal jaguar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piquir%C3%AD_River_(S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o)" title="Piquirí River (São Lourenço)">Piquirí River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> is the world's largest tropical <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> area.</div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">wildlife of Brazil</a> comprises all naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> country. Home to 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all |
| <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></sup> Brazil is considered to have the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of any country on the planet. It has the most known species of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> (55,000), freshwater <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (3,000), and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (over 689).<sup id="cite_ref-DannyP_2007_shoestring_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DannyP_2007_shoestring-189">[185]</a></sup> It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species (1,832) and second with the most <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species (744).<sup id="cite_ref-DannyP_2007_shoestring_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DannyP_2007_shoestring-189">[185]</a></sup> The number of fungal species is unknown but is large.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva,_M_1995_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva,_M_1995-190">[186]</a></sup> Brazil is second only to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as the country with the most <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, recognized as having the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-192">[188]</a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a>, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_10_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-193">[189]</a></sup> In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_angustifolia" title="Araucaria angustifolia">Araucaria</a> pine forest grows under temperate conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_10_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-193">[189]</a></sup> The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">animal species</a> in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_10_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-193">[189]</a></sup> Larger mammals include carnivores <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">pumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelots</a>, rare <a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">bush dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, and herbivores <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a> are plentiful in the south, and many species of <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> are found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rain forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_10_193-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-193">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss,_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg/217px-20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg/326px-20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg/434px-20211231_Tropical_primary_forest_loss%2C_10_countries_-_variwide_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Annually, Brazil's tropical <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a> loss greatly exceeds that of other world nations.<sup id="cite_ref-WRI_20220428_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRI_20220428-195">[191]</a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation,_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/217px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/326px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/434px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested or highly degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation.<sup id="cite_ref-AmazonWatch_202209_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmazonWatch_202209-196">[192]</a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>By 2013, Brazil's "dramatic policy-driven reduction in Amazon Basin deforestation" was a "global exception in terms of forest change", according to scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115-197">[193]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 852">: 852 </span></sup> From 2003 to 2011, compared to all other countries in the world, Brazil had the "largest decline in annual forest loss", as indicated in the study using high-resolution satellite maps showing global forest cover changes.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115-197">[193]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 850">: 850 </span></sup> |
| </p><p>The annual loss of forest cover decreased from a 2003–2004 record high of more than 40,000 square kilometers (4,000<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>3</sup> ha; 9.9<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres; 15,000 sq mi) to a 2010–2011 low of under 20,000 square kilometers (2,000<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>3</sup> ha; 4.9<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres; 7,700 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115-197">[193]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 850">: 850 </span></sup> reversing widespread deforestation from the 1970s to 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115_197-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag_Hansen_20131115-197">[193]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 852">: 852 </span></sup> |
| </p><p>In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a></sup> In terms of comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a></sup> Brazil's tropical <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">primary (old-growth)</a> forest loss, however, also exceeds that of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WRI_20220428_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRI_20220428-195">[191]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil has a strong interest in forest conservation as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Federal government of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections in Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_do_Planalto_(5348220087).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/220px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/330px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/440px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_do_Planalto_(5348220087).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>, the official workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/220px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/330px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg/440px-Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1162" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>The form of government is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federative</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>. The previous president, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, replaced <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> after her <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">impeachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-201">[197]</a></sup> The President appoints the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Ministers of State</a>, who assist in government.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Federal Senate</a>. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> is set on five fundamental principles:<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The executive and legislative are organized <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">independently in all three spheres of government</a>, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-embassy_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embassy-203">[199]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The country has more than 40 active political parties. Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a></sup> Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive. |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_(4893152130).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/220px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/330px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/440px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_(4893152130).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Federal Court of Brazil">Supreme Federal Court of Brazil</a> serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country</div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazilian law is based on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.<sup id="cite_ref-embassy_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embassy-203">[199]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The legal system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a>, promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a></sup> As of July 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there have been 124 amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a></sup> States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a></sup> Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">leis orgânicas</i></span>), which act in a similar way to constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-DeffentiBarral2011_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeffentiBarral2011-211">[207]</a></sup> Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a> allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The highest court is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>. |
| </p><p>This system has been criticized over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a></sup> Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></sup> In December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazilian Armed Forces</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/220px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/330px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/440px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5049" data-file-height="3366" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen#Brazil" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab Gripen NG</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_(51475585448).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg/220px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg/330px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg/440px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475585448%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2155" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/PHM_Atl%C3%A2ntico" class="mw-redirect" title="PHM Atlântico">PHM <i>Atlântico</i></a></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>The armed forces of Brazil are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest</a> in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a></sup> The country was considered the 9th largest military power on the planet in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a></sup> It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army_Aviation_Command" title="Brazilian Army Aviation Command">Army Aviation Command</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Marine_Corps" title="Brazilian Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_Aviation" title="Brazilian Naval Aviation">Naval Aviation</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a>. Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> policy gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Military_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Reserve">reservists</a> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a></sup> the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, including armored transports and <a href="/wiki/Battle_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle tank">tanks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-militarypower1_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militarypower1-221">[217]</a></sup> It is also unique in Latin America for its large, elite forces specializing in unconventional missions, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Special_Operations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Special Operations Command">Brazilian Special Operations Command</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a></sup> and the versatile Strategic Rapid Action Force, made up of highly mobilized and prepared Special Operations Brigade, <a href="/wiki/Parachute_Infantry_Brigade_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachute Infantry Brigade (Brazil)">Infantry Brigade Parachutist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a></sup> 1st Jungle Infantry Battalion (Airmobile)<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a></sup> and 12th Brigade Light Infantry (Airmobile)<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a></sup> able to act anywhere in the country, on short notice, to counter external aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a></sup> The states' <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Firefighters_Corps" title="Military Firefighters Corps">Military Firefighters Corps</a> are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two <a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship"><i>Minas Geraes</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>, sparking a <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a></sup> Today, it is a <a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">green water</a> force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, <a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a>, unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the only navy in Latin America that operates an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_aircraft_carrier_Atl%C3%A2ntico" title="Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico">NAM <i>Atlântico</i></a>, and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Poder_Naval_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poder_Naval-232">[228]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a></sup> Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbors<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a></sup> and neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia have with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a></sup> The Brazilian military has also three times intervened militarily to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Brazil">Brazilian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revistaepoca.globo.com_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revistaepoca.globo.com-239">[235]</a></sup> It has built a tradition of participating in UN <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions such as in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="2617" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_Itamaraty_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Itamaraty_Palace" title="Itamaraty Palace">Itamaraty Palace</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a>, which establishes <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">international cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peaceful settlement of conflicts</a> as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a></sup> According to the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Congress</a> is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a>, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, a leader among <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, and an emerging <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">world power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a></sup> Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, peaceful dispute settlement, and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-intervention</a> in the affairs of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></sup> Brazil is a founding member state of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> nations across four continents, where <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is an official language. |
| </p><p>An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-245">[241]</a></sup> Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-245">[241]</a></sup> Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year, which includes.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_245-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-245">[241]</a></sup> In addition, Brazil already managed a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">peacekeeping mission in Haiti</a> ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> ($300 million).<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_245-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-245">[241]</a></sup> This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_245-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-245">[241]</a></sup> The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/South-South" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South">South-South</a> aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and crime">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime in Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COT_(6883689782).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/COT_%286883689782%29.jpg/220px-COT_%286883689782%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/COT_%286883689782%29.jpg/330px-COT_%286883689782%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/COT_%286883689782%29.jpg/440px-COT_%286883689782%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4318" data-file-height="3205" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:COT_(6883689782).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Field agents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">Federal Police</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Comando_de_Opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_T%C3%A1ticas" title="Comando de Operações Táticas">Tactical Operations Command</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>In Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a> establishes six different police agencies for law enforcement: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Police Department">Federal Police Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Police_(Brazil)" title="Federal Highway Police (Brazil)">Federal Highway Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Police" title="Federal Railroad Police">Federal Railroad Police</a>, Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Police_(Brazil)" title="Civil Police (Brazil)">Civil Police</a>. Of these, the first three are affiliated with federal authorities, the last two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are the responsibility of the executive branch of any of the federal or state powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Security_Force" title="National Public Security Force">National Public Security Force</a> also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The country still has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">highest rates of homicide of the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a></sup> The number considered tolerable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a></sup> In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a></sup> However, there are differences between the crime rates in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Brazilian states</a>. While in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil also has high levels of incarceration and the third largest prison population in the world (behind only China and the United States), with an estimated total of approximately 700,000 prisoners around the country (June 2014), an increase of about 300% compared to the index registered in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a></sup> The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <table class="infobox"> |
| <tbody><tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/400px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="352" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/600px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/800px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="687" /></a> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:28px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean"><i style="color: #333366;">Atlantic<br />Ocean</i></a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean"><i style="color: #333366;">Pacific<br />Ocean</i></a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:272.4px"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:286.8px"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:301.2px"><a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-West</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:315.6px"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:330px"><a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:102px; top:24px"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:148px"><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:212px; top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocantins (state)">Tocantins</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:92px"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:84px"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:84px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande<br />do Norte</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:108px"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:120px"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:144px"><a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:146px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso<br />do Sul</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal<br />District</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:234px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:240px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:198px; top:284px"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:304px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande<br />do Sul</a></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:312px"><i><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Argentina</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:196px"><i><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Bolivia</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:252px"><i><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Chile</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:20px"><i><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Colombia</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:4px"><i><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">French Guiana</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:20px"><i><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Guyana</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:126px; top:248px"><i><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Paraguay</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:164px"><i><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Peru</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:12px"><i><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Suriname</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:152px; top:336px"><i><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Uruguay</span></a></i></div> |
| <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:4px"><i><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><span style="color: #C0C0C0;">Venezuela</span></a></i></div> |
| </div><a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions of Brazil</a> |
| </td></tr></tbody></table> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">Municipalities of Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions of Brazil</a></div> |
| <p>Brazil is a federation composed of 26 <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">states</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a>, and the 5,570 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Region, Brazil">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Region, Brazil">Southern</a>. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the distribution of federal funds in development projects. |
| </p><p>Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-20">[16]</a></sup> Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called <i><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">comarca</a></i> (county). |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy of Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture in Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining in Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Brazil_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A proportional representation of Brazil exports, 2019</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_(48063388692).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg/220px-14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg/330px-14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg/440px-14_06_2019_Foto_do_dia_%2848063388692%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> in Brazil</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_(Roosevelt_Pinheiro)_28mar09.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg/220px-Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg/330px-Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg/440px-Ronodon%C3%B3polis_colheita_soja_%28Roosevelt_Pinheiro%29_28mar09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1772" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a> crop in <a href="/wiki/Rondon%C3%B3polis" title="Rondonópolis">Rondonópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exportaçãoagrícola_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exportaçãoagrícola-254">[250]</a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Embraer_KC-390_(EMB-390)_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg/220px-Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg/330px-Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg/440px-Embraer_KC-390_%28EMB-390%29_PT-ZNJ_Brasil_-_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Voo_de_teste_em_Teresina_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="821" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/KC-390" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-390">KC-390</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, the third largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Civil_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil aircraft">civil aircraft</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazil's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita#Upper-middle_income_group" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">upper-middle income</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> is rich in natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a></sup> It has the largest national economy in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">tenth-largest economy</a> in the world by nominal GDP, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">ninth-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Brazilian_economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession">entered an ongoing recession in 2014</a> amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests. A <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, Brazil has a <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> of roughly 100 million,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a></sup> which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">fifth-largest</a>; with a high unemployment rate of 14.4% as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">tenth-highest</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/B3_(stock_exchange)" title="B3 (stock exchange)">B3</a> in São Paulo is the largest <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> in Brazil. In regards to poverty, about 1.9% of the total population lives at $2.15 a day,<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a></sup> while about 19% live at $6.85 a day.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a></sup> Brazil's economy suffers from <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">endemic corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">high income inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a> is the national currency. |
| </p><p>Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services.<sup id="cite_ref-BansalPhatak2009_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BansalPhatak2009-263">[259]</a></sup> The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">agriculture sector</a> is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">largest producers of various agricultural commodities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a></sup> and also has a large <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a></sup> It has been the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">producer of coffee</a> for the last 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Neilson102_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neilson102-34">[30]</a></sup> Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a>; is one of the top 5 producers of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>; and is one of the top 10 world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the 5 largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">mining sector</a>, Brazil is among the largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, copper, gold,<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and one of the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">aquamarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a></sup> The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol, semi-finished iron, among other products.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">24th-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">26th-largest importer</a> as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is its largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">automotive industry</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">eighth-largest</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a></sup> The country was the second-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Footwear_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwear industry">footwear industry</a>, Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a></sup> It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a></sup> Although, it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers a wide range of activities: commerce, accommodation and catering, transport, communications, financial services, real estate activities and services provided to businesses, public administration (urban cleaning, sanitation, etc.) and other services such as education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc., since it consists of activities complementary to other sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a></sup> Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cataratas.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/220px-Cataratas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/330px-Cataratas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/440px-Cataratas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="2644" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Brazil_border" title="Argentina–Brazil border">Argentina–Brazil border</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/220px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/330px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/440px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> after Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a></sup> Revenues from international tourists reached <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$6</span> billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">2008–2009 economic crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNWTO2011_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNWTO2011-292">[288]</a></sup> Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$6.8</span> billion in receipts were reached in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-MT1_2011_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT1_2011-293">[289]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MT2_2011_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT2_2011-294">[290]</a></sup> In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>, beaches and dunes in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Center-West_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-West Region, Brazil">Center-West Region</a>, beaches at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, cultural tourism in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and business trips to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palhares2012_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palhares2012-296">[292]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In terms of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index</a> (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28st place at the world's level, third in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, after Canada and United States.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TTCI2013_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTCI2013-298">[294]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation. Safety and security have improved significantly: 75th in 2011, up from 128th in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-TTCI2013_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTCI2013-298">[294]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vls1-mockup-test.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/220px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/330px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/440px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="413" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara Launch Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._(30970744907).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/220px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/330px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/440px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10462" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(synchrotron_light_source)" title="Sirius (synchrotron light source)">Sirius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction-limited_storage_ring" title="Diffraction-limited storage ring">diffraction-limited storage ring</a> <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">synchrotron light source</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_Nacional_de_Luz_S%C3%ADncrotron" title="Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron">Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-DevelopmentStaff2006v_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DevelopmentStaff2006v-299">[295]</a></sup> Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Oswaldo_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Oswaldo Cruz">Oswaldo Cruz Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Butantan" title="Instituto Butantan">Butantan Institute</a>, the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_General_Command_for_Aerospace_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology">Aerospace Technical Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empresa_Brasileira_de_Pesquisa_Agropecu%C3%A1ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária">Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">National Institute for Space Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific2010f_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific2010f-300">[296]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarveySmid2010_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveySmid2010-301">[297]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a> has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]-302">[298]</a></sup> Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> the integrate team building <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-303">[299]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. |
| <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> is enriched at the <a href="/wiki/Resende_Nuclear_Fuel_Factory" title="Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory">Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory</a>, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a></sup>) and the country's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_submarine_%C3%81lvaro_Alberto" title="Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto">first nuclear submarine</a> is expected to be launched in 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a></sup> with an operational <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a> Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> company with its own <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">fabrication plant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CEITEC" title="CEITEC">CEITEC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a></sup> According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a></sup> Brazil was ranked 57th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2021, up from 66th in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Bartolomeu de Gusmão">Bartolomeu de Gusmão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landell_de_Moura" class="mw-redirect" title="Landell de Moura">Landell de Moura</a> and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Conrado_Engelberg" title="Evaristo Conrado Engelberg">Evaristo Conrado Engelberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patentbritish_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patentbritish-314">[310]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dias_de_Abreu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Dias de Abreu">Manuel Dias de Abreu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Pavel" title="Andreas Pavel">Andreas Pavel</a><sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a></sup> and Nélio José Nicolai.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazilian science is represented by the likes of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">César Lattes</a> (Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> Pathfinder of <i><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pi Meson</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lattes_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lattes-318">[314]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Schenberg" title="Mário Schenberg">Mário Schenberg</a> (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_Lopes" title="José Leite Lopes">José Leite Lopes</a> (only Brazilian physicist holder of the <i>UNESCO Science Prize</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artur_%C3%81vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ávila">Artur Ávila</a> (the first Latin American winner of the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a> (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin).<sup id="cite_ref-West,_David_A_2003_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West,_David_A_2003-322">[318]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg/220px-Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg/330px-Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg/440px-Saopaulo_aerea_aeroportocumbica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2685" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_South_America" title="List of the busiest airports in South America">busiest airport in South America</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_(BR-116)_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rodovia_Rio-Teres%C3%B3polis_%28BR-116%29_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1013" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/BR-116" title="BR-116">BR-116</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guapimirim" title="Guapimirim">Guapimirim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, the longest <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">highway</a> in the country, with 4,385 km (2,725 mi) of extension.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled |
| 1,720,000 km (1,068,758 mi) in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a></sup> The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a></sup> The country has about 14,000 km (8,699 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Divided_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Divided highways">divided highways</a>, 5,000 km (3,107 mi) only in the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">State of São Paulo</a>. Currently it's possible to travel from <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande</a>, in the extreme south of the country, to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> (2,580 km (1,603 mi)) or <a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro">Casimiro de Abreu</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> (2,045 km (1,271 mi)), only on divided highways. The first investments in road infrastructure have given up in the 1920s, the government of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a>, being pursued in the governments of <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> (1956–61), who designed and built the capital Brasília, was another supporter of highways.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,185 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo Metro</a> was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Metro" title="Rio de Janeiro Metro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre_Metro" title="Porto Alegre Metro">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife_Metro" title="Recife Metro">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte_Metro" title="Belo Horizonte Metro">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_Metro" title="Brasília Metro">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Metro" title="Salvador Metro">Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_Metro" title="Fortaleza Metro">Fortaleza</a>. The country has an extensive rail network of 28,538 kilometers (17,733 miles) in length, the tenth largest network in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2012ciagini_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ciagini-330">[326]</a></sup> Currently, the Brazilian government, unlike the past, seeks to encourage this mode of transport; an example of this incentive is the project of the <a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Paulo_high-speed_rail" title="Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail">Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail</a>, that will connect the two main cities of the country to carry passengers. |
| </p><p>There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport</a>, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Palhares2012x_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palhares2012x-332">[328]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>For freight transport <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a> are of importance, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Free_Economic_Zone_of_Manaus" title="Free Economic Zone of Manaus">industrial zones of Manaus</a> can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometers or 2,020 miles in length, with a minimum depth of six meters or 20 feet). The country also has 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) of waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-2012ciagini_330-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ciagini-330">[326]</a></sup> Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a></sup> Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced, container ships 36.3 hours on average.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_geral.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/220px-Itaipu_geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/330px-Itaipu_geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/440px-Itaipu_geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3593" data-file-height="2283" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, the second largest of the world. <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy matrix</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">cleanest</a> in the world.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Energia_Eolica.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/220px-Energia_Eolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/330px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/440px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2554" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parna%C3%ADba" title="Parnaíba">Parnaíba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>. Brazil is one of the 5 largest producers of wind energy in the world</div></div></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazil is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_primary_energy_consumption_and_production" title="List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production">tenth largest</a> energy consumer with much of its energy coming from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plant</a> by energy generation,<sup id="cite_ref-SchmidtOnyango2011_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmidtOnyango2011-335">[331]</a></sup> and the country has other large plants like <a href="/wiki/Belo_Monte_Dam" title="Belo Monte Dam">Belo Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam" title="Tucuruí Dam">Tucuruí</a>. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-OECDDevelopment2001_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECDDevelopment2001-336">[332]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>At the end of 2021 Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> (109.4 GW) and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> (21.1 GW) and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> (13.0 GW) - on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a></sup> At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany, and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica-339">[335]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix was composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica_339-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica-339">[335]</a></sup> |
| Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. |
| Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministério_de_Minas_e_Energia_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministério_de_Minas_e_Energia-340">[336]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>As for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, the Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to 3 million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">Sistema Único de Saúde</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg/220px-SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg/330px-SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg/440px-SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="340" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SUS_apenas_preenchimento.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">SUS</a> official symbol, the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care system</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">Unified Health System</a> (<i>Sistema Único de Saúde</i> – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,<sup id="cite_ref-ForgiaCouttolenc2008_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForgiaCouttolenc2008-343">[339]</a></sup> being the largest system of this type in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a></sup> On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolper2004_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolper2004-345">[341]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Despite all the progress made since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be solved were the high <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by infant mortality rate">infant</a> (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).<sup id="cite_ref-Radar_social_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radar_social-348">[344]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Radar_social_348-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radar_social-348">[344]</a></sup> The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education in Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Historical building of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Federal University of Paraná">Federal University of Paraná</a>, one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Federal Constitution</a> and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a> must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.<sup id="cite_ref-Usa2005_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usa2005-350">[346]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a>, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states like <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> reaching around 97% of literacy rate;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-351">[347]</a></sup> functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency2010_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency2010-352">[348]</a></sup> Illiteracy is higher in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a>, where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a>, has 3.3% of its population illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bank2001_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank2001-353">[349]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_351-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-351">[347]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> is the second best <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, according to recent 2019 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>. Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a>. |
| Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary</a> and medium education are required of all students.<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_and_communication">Media and communication<span class="anchor" id="Media"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media and communication">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership#Brazil" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership § Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/220px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/330px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/440px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Former President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Jornal_Nacional" title="Jornal Nacional">Jornal Nacional</a></i> news program. <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Rede Globo</a> is the world's second-largest commercial television network.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a></sup></div></div></div> |
| <p>The Brazilian press was officially born in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">Dom João</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996-357">[353]</a></sup> The <i>Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro</i>, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston2003_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2003-358">[354]</a></sup> The largest newspapers nowadays are <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a>,</i> <i>Super Notícia</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo" title="O Estado de S. Paulo">O Estado de S. Paulo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent2003B_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent2003B-359">[355]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".<sup id="cite_ref-McCann2004_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCann2004-360">[356]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of <a href="/wiki/TV_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Tupi">TV Tupi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2007_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2007-361">[357]</a></sup> Since then television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Globo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão">SBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/RecordTV" title="RecordTV">RecordTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes" title="Rede Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/RedeTV!" title="RedeTV!">RedeTV</a>. Today it is the most important factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, indicated by research showing that as much as 67%<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a></sup> of the general population follow the same daily <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> broadcast. Digital Television, using the <a href="/wiki/SBTVD" class="mw-redirect" title="SBTVD">SBTVD</a> standard (based on the Japanese standard <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDB-T">ISDB-T</a>), was adopted on 29 June 2006 and launched on 2 November 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Alencar2009_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alencar2009-364">[360]</a></sup> In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched <a href="/wiki/TV_Brasil_Internacional" title="TV Brasil Internacional">TV Brasil Internacional</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a>, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a></sup> Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include <a href="/wiki/Globo_Internacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Globo Internacional">Globo Internacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/RecordTV_Internacional" title="RecordTV Internacional">RecordTV Internacional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Band_Internacional" title="Band Internacional">Band Internacional</a>. |
| </p> |
| <div style="clear:both;"></div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration to Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by population density">List of Brazilian states by population density</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png/220px-ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png/330px-ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png/440px-ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="603" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ARCHELLA_E_THERY_Img_05.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Population density of Brazilian municipalities</div></div></div> |
| <p>The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a></sup> (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a></sup> and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a></sup> The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants. |
| </p><p>The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a></sup> From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a></sup> Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>, even though the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a></sup> and to 72.6 years in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a></sup> |
| It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a></sup> thus completing the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a></sup> and among the <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">youth</a> (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a></sup> Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</a></div> |
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| <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFE135"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 991.36510217697px; border-left-color:MediumAquamarine"></div> |
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| <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumAquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 153.28270598844px; border-left-color:#9966CC"></div> |
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| <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9966CC"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 687.15418461364px 100px 0; border-right-color:LightBlue"></div> |
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| <p><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</a><sup id="cite_ref-IBGE_Censo_de_2000_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGE_Censo_de_2000-378">[374]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etnias_Censo_2010_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etnias_Censo_2010-379">[375]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White</a> (47.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9966CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardo Brazilian">Pardo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multiracial#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a>) (43.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumAquamarine; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Brazilian">Black</a> (7.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE135; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Brazilian">East Asian</a> (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Natives</a> (0.4%)</div> |
| </div> |
| </div></div> |
| <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">National Research by Household Sample</a> (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Brazilian">White</a>; 43.80% (about 83 million) as <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brown_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown people">brown</a>), 6.84% (about 13 million) as <a href="/wiki/Black_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Brazilian">Black</a>; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Brazilian">East Asian</a> (officially called <i><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">yellow</a></i> or <i>amarela</i>); and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Amerindian</a> (officially called <i>indígena</i>, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.<sup id="cite_ref-PNADIBGE_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNADIBGE-381">[377]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country (with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% to 77%).<sup id="cite_ref-alvaro.com.br_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvaro.com.br-382">[378]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-383">[379]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bdtd.bce.unb.br_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdtd.bce.unb.br-384">[380]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-385">[381]</a></sup> From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigration</a>. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilians of Spanish descent">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Brazilian">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Brazilian">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Brazilian">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Brazilian">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Brazil">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Brazilian">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arab</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-387" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a></sup> Brazil has the second largest Jewish community in Latin America making up 0.06% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-388">[384]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazilian society is more <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">markedly divided by social class lines</a>, although a high <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">income disparity</a> is found <a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">between race groups</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">classism</a> often overlap. Socially significant closeness to one racial group <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Race in Brazil">is taken in account</a> more in the basis of appearance (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a>) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a> can pertain to different "racial" groups.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a> factors are also significant, because a minority of <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians"><i>pardos</i></a> are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a></sup> Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and <i>pardos</i> with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great).<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_385-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-385">[381]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afrobras_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afrobras-391">[387]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-393" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a></sup> The brown population (officially called <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians"><i>pardo</i></a> in Portuguese, also colloquially <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moreno" class="extiw" title="wikt:moreno">moreno</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p. 268_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p._268-394">[390]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p. 117_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p._117-395">[391]</a></sup> is a broad category that includes <i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a></i> (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), <i><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatos</a></i> (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">cafuzos</a></i> (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).<sup id="cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p. 268_394-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p._268-394">[390]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p. 117_395-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p._117-395">[391]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-396" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p. 108_398-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-398">[394]</a></sup> Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p. 108_398-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-398">[394]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a></sup> and also in northern Maranhão,<sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a></sup> southern Minas Gerais<sup id="cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p. 161_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p._161-402">[398]</a></sup> and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p. 108_398-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-398">[394]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p. 161_402-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p._161-402">[398]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">National Indian Foundation</a> estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted peoples</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism in Brazil</a></div> |
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| <p><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion in Brazil</a> (2010 Census) |
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| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> (64.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a> (22.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">Spiritism</a> (2.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;"> </span> Other (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:WhiteSmoke; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (8.0%)</div> |
| </div> |
| </div></div> |
| <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">world's largest Catholic population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEWCATHOLIC_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEWCATHOLIC-405">[401]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDS_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDS-406">[402]</a></sup> According to the 2010 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the population followed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Brazil">Roman Catholicism</a>; 22.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a>; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% have no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-5">[2]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-BoyleSheen2013_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-407">[403]</a></sup> This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities,<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown1_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-408">[404]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2006a_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2006a-409">[405]</a></sup> and the Protestant community has grown to include over 22% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-JeynesRobinson2012_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeynesRobinson2012-410">[406]</a></sup> The most common Protestant denominations are <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-georgetown2_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-412">[408]</a></sup> After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as of the 2010 census. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porto_Velho" title="Porto Velho">Porto Velho</a> have the greatest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a> residents in Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Teresina" title="Teresina">Teresina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> were the most Roman Catholic in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGV_no_G1-413">[409]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Greater Rio de Janeiro</a>, not including the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">city proper</a>, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while <a href="/wiki/Greater_Porto_Alegre" title="Greater Porto Alegre">Greater Porto Alegre</a> and Greater <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_413-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FGV_no_G1-413">[409]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized. The agreement confirmed norms that were normally complied with regarding religious education in public elementary schools (which also ensures the teaching of other beliefs), marriage and spiritual assistance in prisons and hospitals. The project was criticized by parliamentarians who understood the end of the secular state with the approval of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-414" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Brazil" title="List of endangered languages in Brazil">List of endangered languages in Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brasil.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/220px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/330px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/440px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brasil.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Portuguese_Language" title="Museum of the Portuguese Language">Museum of the Portuguese Language</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>The official language of Brazil is <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil</a>), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-language2_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language2-416">[412]</a></sup> |
| </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese<sup id="cite_ref-417" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a></sup> (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">more recent immigrants</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Portugal">Northern regions</a>, and in minor degree Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a>), with a few influences from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> restricted to the vocabulary only.<sup id="cite_ref-Portuguese_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-418">[414]</a></sup> As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-speaking countries">Portuguese-speaking countries</a> (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonialism</a> in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>). These differences are comparable to those between <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Portuguese_418-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-418">[414]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of sign languages">sign language law</a> legally recognized in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-Libras_2002_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libras_2002-419">[415]</a></sup> (the law was <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulated</a> in 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Libras_2005_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Libras_2005-420">[416]</a></sup> the use of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a>, more commonly known by its Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language must be taught as a part of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_education" title="School of education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech and language pathology">speech and language pathology</a> curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("<a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusion</a>") to <a href="/wiki/Deaf_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf community">deaf people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russo2011_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russo2011-421">[417]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg/220px-Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg/330px-Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg/440px-Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_de_Pomerode.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In the region of <a href="/wiki/Pomerode" title="Pomerode">Pomerode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> are two of the minor languages (see <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a>).</div></div></div> |
| <p>Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian languages</a> are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-Portuguese_418-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-418">[414]</a></sup> In the municipality of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a> (a currently endangered South American <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> – or an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists – with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral_paulista" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua geral paulista">língua geral paulista</a>, once was a major <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-422" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a></sup> being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus#Portugal" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">major political changes</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERSE"><span title="Statements that may be excessive (July 2015)">excessive detail?</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a> and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-language_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-language-423">[419]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>There are significant communities of German (mostly the <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Brazilian Hunsrückisch</a>, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.<sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a></sup> Talian is officially a historic patrimony of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-426" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a></sup> and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson1997_427-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson1997-427">[423]</a></sup> Italian is also recognized as <i>ethnic language</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Microregions_of_Brazil" title="Microregions of Brazil">Santa Teresa</a> microregion and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Velha" title="Vila Velha">Vila Velha</a> (Espirito Santo state), and is taught as mandatory second language at school.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-428">[424]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Urbanization">Urbanization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Urbanization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">List of cities in Brazil by population</a></div> |
| <p>According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a></sup> |
| The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> – all in the Southeastern Region – with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-430">[426]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-431" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432">[428]</a></sup> The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitória, Brazil">Vitória</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, the capital of Santa Catarina.<sup id="cite_ref-433" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <div> |
| <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f9f9f9"> |
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| <tbody><tr> |
| <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil" title="Template:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a> estimates<sup id="cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_430-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-430">[426]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-435" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435">[431]</a></sup></div></div> |
| </th></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <th></th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Rank</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Brazil">Name</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">State</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Pop.</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Rank</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Brazil">Name</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">State</a> |
| </th> |
| <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Pop.</a></th> |
| <th> |
| </th></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg" class="image" title="São Paulo"><img alt="São Paulo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/120px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/180px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/240px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="800" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg" class="image" title="Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/120px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/180px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/240px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1948" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> |
| </td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">21,314,716</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">2,157,180 |
| </td> |
| <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Belo_Horizonte,_Brasil.jpg" class="image" title="Belo Horizonte"><img alt="Belo Horizonte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg/120px-Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg/180px-Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg/240px-Belo_Horizonte%2C_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1020" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife,_Pernambuco,_Brazil.jpg" class="image" title="Recife"><img alt="Recife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/120px-Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/180px-Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/240px-Antonio_Vaz_island_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1059" /></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">12,389,775</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">2,130,264 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">5,142,260</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">2,105,600 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">4,021,641</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Vitória, Espírito Santo">Vitória</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,837,047 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">3,986,425</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Baixada Santista</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,702,343 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">3,894,232</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,572,943 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">3,863,154</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,421,569 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">3,594,924</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,349,743 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">3,387,985</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,231,965 |
| </td></tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">2,347,557</td> |
| <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba" title="João Pessoa, Paraíba">João Pessoa</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></td> |
| <td style="text-align:right;">1,168,941 |
| </td></tr> |
| </tbody></table></div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_Portela_2014_(906185).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/220px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/330px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/440px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_Portela_2014_(906185).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Parade of <a href="/wiki/Portela_(samba_school)" title="Portela (samba school)">Portela</a> <a href="/wiki/Samba_school" title="Samba school">samba school</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> in the world<sup id="cite_ref-Guiness_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiness-436">[432]</a></sup></div></div></div> |
| <p>The core culture of Brazil is derived from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portuguese culture</a>, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade2009_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade2009-437">[433]</a></sup> Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">colonial architectural styles</a>. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous</a> and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson1998_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson1998-438">[434]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Brazilian">German</a> and other European as well as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Brazilian">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arab</a> immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lesser2013a_439-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesser2013a-439">[435]</a></sup> The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">cuisine</a>; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">music</a>, dance and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-440" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-440">[436]</a></sup> |
| </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Brazilian art</a> has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Brazil" title="Baroque in Brazil">Baroque</a> (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)<sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441">[437]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itaucultural.org.br_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itaucultural.org.br-442">[438]</a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_academic_art" title="Brazilian academic art">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstractionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazilian cinema</a> dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh2012_443-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh2012-443">[439]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Architecture">Architecture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Brazil" title="Architecture of Brazil">Architecture of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/220px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/330px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/440px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Brasilia">Cathedral of Brasilia</a>, designed by Brazilian architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">federal capital</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time when <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed in Brazil in 1500. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a> was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444">[440]</a></sup> It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a></sup> In the 19th century during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, the country followed European trends and adopted <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>. Then in the 20th century especially in Brasilia, Brazil experimented with <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernist architecture</a>. |
| </p><p>The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture which included churches, civic architecture including houses and forts in Brazilian cities and the countryside. During 19th century, Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage which produced a unique form of Brazilian architecture. In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a> was introduced when <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a> was built as new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.<sup id="cite_ref-Guimaraens_446-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guimaraens-446">[442]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claro_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claro-447">[443]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(FIC).tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9075" data-file-height="8752" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(FIC).tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Tom_Jobim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Jobim">Tom Jobim</a>, one of the creators of <i><a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Chico_Buarque" title="Chico Buarque">Chico Buarque</a>, one of the leading names of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">MPB</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p>The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_448-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-448">[444]</a></sup> Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Nunes_Garcia" title="José Maurício Nunes Garcia">José Maurício Nunes Garcia</a>, author of sacred pieces with influence of Viennese classicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazia2013_449-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazia2013-449">[445]</a></sup> The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments that had a bigger role in the development of popular music and folk, flourishing especially in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_448-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-448">[444]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Popular music since the late eighteenth century began to show signs of forming a characteristically Brazilian sound, with <a href="/wiki/Samba_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba (music)">samba</a> considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.<sup id="cite_ref-450" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">Maracatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afox%C3%AA" title="Afoxê">Afoxê</a> are two music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crook2009_451-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crook2009-451">[447]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a> is usually played with its own music referred to as <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">capoeira music</a>, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-Fryer2000_452-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fryer2000-452">[448]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">Forró</a> is a type of folk music prominent during the <a href="/wiki/Festa_Junina" title="Festa Junina">Festa Junina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-453" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a></sup> Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-454" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a></sup> argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-455" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a></sup> |
| </p><p><a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">Choro</a> is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the name, the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulations</a> and full of <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGowanPessanha1998_456-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGowanPessanha1998-456">[452]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">Bossa nova</a> is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]_457-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]-457">[453]</a></sup> The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend".<sup id="cite_ref-Kassing2007_458-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassing2007-458">[454]</a></sup> A lyrical fusion of samba and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2011b_459-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2011b-459">[455]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg/170px-Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg/255px-Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg/340px-Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Machado_de_Assis_1907_aos_67_anos_Est%C3%BAdio_Luiz_Musso_%26_Cia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, poet and novelist, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a>.</div></div></div> |
| <p><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a> dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_Vaz_de_Caminha" title="Pêro Vaz de Caminha">Pêro Vaz de Caminha</a>, filled with descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]_460-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]-460">[456]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil produced significant works in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> – novelists like <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a> wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the <a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indigenist</a> novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-461" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-461">[457]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-462" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-462">[458]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-463" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-463">[459]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-464" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-464">[460]</a></sup> |
| </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature#Modernism" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian Modernism</a>, evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Week" title="Modern Art Week">Modern Art Week</a> in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,<sup id="cite_ref-465" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-465">[461]</a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature#Post-Modernism" title="Brazilian literature">Post-Modernism</a> brought a generation of distinct poets like <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade" title="Carlos Drummond de Andrade">Carlos Drummond de Andrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinicius_de_Moraes" title="Vinicius de Moraes">Vinicius de Moraes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cora_Coralina" title="Cora Coralina">Cora Coralina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graciliano_Ramos" title="Graciliano Ramos">Graciliano Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cec%C3%ADlia_Meireles" title="Cecília Meireles">Cecília Meireles</a>, and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects like <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Lispector" title="Clarice Lispector">Clarice Lispector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira" title="Manuel Bandeira">Manuel Bandeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-466" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-466">[462]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-467" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-467">[463]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-468" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-468">[464]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian cuisine</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_dishes" title="List of Brazilian dishes">List of Brazilian dishes</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg/220px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg/330px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg/440px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="923" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">Feijoada</a> is one of the main dishes of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian cuisine</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_4_469-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_4-469">[465]</a></sup> Examples are <a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">Feijoada</a>, considered the country's national dish;<sup id="cite_ref-470" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-470">[466]</a></sup> and regional foods such as beiju, feijão tropeiro, <a href="/wiki/Vatap%C3%A1" title="Vatapá">vatapá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moqueca" title="Moqueca">moqueca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> (from Italian cuisine) and <a href="/wiki/Acaraj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarajé">acarajé</a> (from African cuisine).<sup id="cite_ref-471" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-471">[467]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>The national beverage is <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a> is Brazil's native <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">liquor</a>. Cachaça is distilled from <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar cane</a> and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, <a href="/wiki/Caipirinha" title="Caipirinha">Caipirinha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayor2011_472-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayor2011-472">[468]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>A typical meal consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_beans" title="Rice and beans">rice and beans</a> with <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fried_egg" title="Fried egg">fried egg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-473" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a></sup> Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (<a href="/wiki/Farofa" title="Farofa">farofa</a>). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-474" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-474">[470]</a></sup> Popular snacks are <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(food)" title="Pastel (food)">pastel</a> (a fried pastry); <a href="/wiki/Coxinha" title="Coxinha">coxinha</a> (a variation of chicken croquete); <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo" title="Pão de queijo">pão de queijo</a> (cheese bread and cassava flour / <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>); <a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">pamonha</a> (corn and milk paste); <a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">esfirra</a> (a variation of Lebanese pastry); <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a> (from Arabic cuisine); <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanada</a> (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm. |
| </p><p>Brazil has a variety of desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Brigadeiro" title="Brigadeiro">brigadeiros</a> (chocolate fudge balls), <a href="/wiki/Bolo_de_rolo" title="Bolo de rolo">bolo de rolo</a> (roll cake with <a href="/wiki/Goiabada" title="Goiabada">goiabada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cocada" title="Cocada">cocada</a> (a coconut sweet), <a href="/wiki/Beijinho" title="Beijinho">beijinhos</a> (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7oca" title="Paçoca">paçoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapadura">rapadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9-de-moleque" title="Pé-de-moleque">pé-de-moleque</a>. Local common fruits like <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Açaí">açaí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupua%C3%A7u" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupuaçu">cupuaçu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">passionfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spondias" title="Spondias">hog plum</a> are turned in <a href="/wiki/Juice" title="Juice">juices</a> and used to make <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_pop" title="Ice pop">ice pops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-475" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-475">[471]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cinema">Cinema</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema of Brazil</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_festivais.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Palacio_festivais.jpg/220px-Palacio_festivais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Palacio_festivais.jpg/330px-Palacio_festivais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Palacio_festivais.jpg/440px-Palacio_festivais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_festivais.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado" title="Festival de Gramado">Festival de Gramado</a>, the biggest <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festival</a> in the country</div></div></div> |
| <p>The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as <i>Rio the Magnificent</i> were made in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to promote tourism in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-476" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-476">[472]</a></sup> The films <i><a href="/wiki/Limite" title="Limite">Limite</a></i> (1931) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Bruta" title="Ganga Bruta">Ganga Bruta</a></i> (1933), the latter being produced by <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_Gonzaga" title="Adhemar Gonzaga">Adhemar Gonzaga</a> through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-477" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-477">[473]</a></sup> The 1941 unfinished film <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a></i> was divided in four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>; it was originally produced as part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a> during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government. |
| </p><p>During the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a> movement rose to prominence with directors such as <a href="/wiki/Glauber_Rocha" title="Glauber Rocha">Glauber Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Nelson Pereira dos Santos">Nelson Pereira dos Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Cesar_Saraceni" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulo Cesar Saraceni">Paulo Cesar Saraceni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Jabor" title="Arnaldo Jabor">Arnaldo Jabor</a>. Rocha's films <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_e_o_Diabo_na_Terra_do_Sol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol">Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol</a></i> (1964) and <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_em_Transe" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra em Transe">Terra em Transe</a></i> (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.<sup id="cite_ref-478" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-478">[474]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/O_Quatrilho" title="O Quatrilho">O Quatrilho</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Barreto" title="Fábio Barreto">Fábio Barreto</a>, 1995), <i><a href="/wiki/O_Que_%C3%89_Isso,_Companheiro%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="O Que É Isso, Companheiro?">O Que É Isso, Companheiro?</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bruno_Barreto" title="Bruno Barreto">Bruno Barreto</a>, 1997) and <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(film)" title="Central Station (film)">Central do Brasil</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Salles" title="Walter Salles">Walter Salles</a>, 1998), all of which were nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>, the latter receiving a <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a>. The 2002 crime film <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(2002_film)" title="City of God (2002 film)">City of God</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles" title="Fernando Meirelles">Fernando Meirelles</a>, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-479" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-479">[475]</a></sup> being placed in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>'s Best Films of the Decade list<sup id="cite_ref-480" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-480">[476]</a></sup> and receiving four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> nominations in 2004, including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_International_Film_Festival" title="São Paulo International Film Festival">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Film_Festival" title="Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival">Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado" title="Festival de Gramado">Gramado Festival</a>. |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre">Theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg/220px-Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg/330px-Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg/440px-Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_Boal_nyc5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Boal" title="Augusto Boal">Augusto Boal</a> presenting a workshop on the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">Theatre of the Oppressed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 2008</div></div></div> |
| <p>The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of Jesuit expansion when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. in the 17th and 18th centuries the first dramatists who appeared on the scene of European derivation was for court or private performances.<sup id="cite_ref-481" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-481">[477]</a></sup> During the 19th century, dramatic theater gained importance and thickness, whose first representative was <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Martins_Pena" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Carlos Martins Pena">Luis Carlos Martins Pena</a> (1813–1848), capable of describing contemporary reality. Always in this period the comedy of costume and comic production was imposed. Significant, also in the nineteenth century, was also the playwright <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Gonçalves Dias">Antônio Gonçalves Dias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teatro_482-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatro-482">[478]</a></sup> There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a> became internationally known with operas like <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">Il Guarany</a></i>. At the end of the 19th century orchestrated dramaturgias became very popular and were accompanied with songs of famous artists like the conductress <a href="/wiki/Chiquinha_Gonzaga" title="Chiquinha Gonzaga">Chiquinha Gonzaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-483" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-483">[479]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies, but paradoxically the quality of the products staggered, and only in 1940 the Brazilian theater received a boost of renewal thanks to the action of Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Celi" title="Adolfo Celi">Adolfo Celi</a>, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the <i>Teatro Brasileiro de Comedia</i>. From the 1960s it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues and to the flourishing of schools of dramatic art. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna" title="Ariano Suassuna">Ariano Suassuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teatro_482-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teatro-482">[478]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Brazilian painting</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_(1962).tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif/lossy-page1-170px-C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif/lossy-page1-255px-C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif/lossy-page1-340px-C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_%281962%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1011" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari_(1962).tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Candido_Portinari" title="Candido Portinari">Candido Portinari</a> in 1962, one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Brazilian painters</a></div></div></div> |
| <p>Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-484" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-484">[480]</a></sup> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstracionism</a> making it a major <a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">art style</a> called <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_academic_art" title="Brazilian academic art">Brazilian academic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-485" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-485">[481]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biscardi_486-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biscardi-486">[482]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_Art%C3%ADstica_Francesa" title="Missão Artística Francesa">French Artistic Mission</a> arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biscardi_486-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biscardi-486">[482]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Upon the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Imperial_de_Belas_Artes" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Imperial de Belas Artes">Imperial Academy of Fine Arts</a>, new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Week" title="Modern Art Week">Modern Art Week</a> definitely broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts. Among the best-known Brazilian painters are <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_do_Pilar" title="Ricardo do Pilar">Ricardo do Pilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_Costa_Ata%C3%ADde" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel da Costa Ataíde">Manuel da Costa Ataíde</a> (baroque and rococo), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Meirelles" title="Victor Meirelles">Victor Meirelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" title="José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a> (romanticism and realism), <a href="/wiki/Anita_Malfatti" title="Anita Malfatti">Anita Malfatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Nery" title="Ismael Nery">Ismael Nery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasar_Segall" title="Lasar Segall">Lasar Segall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_di_Cavalcanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliano di Cavalcanti">Emiliano di Cavalcanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_do_Rego_Monteiro" title="Vicente do Rego Monteiro">Vicente do Rego Monteiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarsila_do_Amaral" title="Tarsila do Amaral">Tarsila do Amaral</a> (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Bonadei" title="Aldo Bonadei">Aldo Bonadei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pancetti" title="José Pancetti">José Pancetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cândido Portinari">Cândido Portinari</a> (modernism).<sup id="cite_ref-487" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-487">[483]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sport in Brazil</a></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics" title="Brazil at the Olympics">Brazil at the Olympics</a></div> |
| <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg/220px-Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg/330px-Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg/440px-Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil_conquista_primeiro_ouro_ol%C3%ADmpico_nos_penaltis_1039264-20082016-_mg_4348.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Players at the podium with the first <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic Gold</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazil national football team</a>, won in the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament">2016 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the country.</div></div></div> |
| <p>The most popular sport in Brazil is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-488" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-488">[484]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazilian men's national team</a> is ranked among the best in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a>, and has won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> tournament a record five times.<sup id="cite_ref-489" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-489">[485]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-490" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-490">[486]</a></sup> |
| </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> also attract large audiences. The <a href="/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Brazil men's national volleyball team">Brazil men's national volleyball team</a>, for example, currently holds the titles of the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League" title="FIVB Volleyball World League">World League</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Champions_Cup" title="FIVB Volleyball World Grand Champions Cup">World Grand Champions Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">World Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup">World Cup</a>. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> world championship eight times.<sup id="cite_ref-491" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-491">[487]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-492" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-492">[488]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-493" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-493">[489]</a></sup> The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">athletics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>. |
| </p><p>Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach football</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-494" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-494">[490]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> (indoor football)<sup id="cite_ref-495" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-495">[491]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">footvolley</a> emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-496" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-496">[492]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vale_tudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale tudo">Vale tudo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-497" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-497">[493]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-498" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-498">[494]</a></sup> |
| </p><p>Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, like the <a href="/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1950 FIFA World Cup">1950 FIFA World Cup</a><sup id="cite_ref-499" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-499">[495]</a></sup> and recently has hosted the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2019 Copa América">2019 Copa América</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2021 Copa América">2021 Copa América</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-500" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500">[496]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> circuit, <a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace" class="mw-redirect" title="Autódromo José Carlos Pace">Autódromo José Carlos Pace</a>, hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Grand_Prix" title="Brazilian Grand Prix">Grand Prix of Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-501" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-501">[497]</a></sup> São Paulo organized the <a href="/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games" title="1963 Pan American Games">IV Pan American Games</a> in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">XV Pan American Games</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-LiMacIntosh2011_502-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiMacIntosh2011-502">[498]</a></sup> On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Olympic Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Paralympic Games</a>, making it the first South American city to host the games<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_olympics_503-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_olympics-503">[499]</a></sup> and second in Latin America, after <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Furthermore, the country hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">FIBA Basketball World Cups</a> in <a href="/wiki/1954_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1954 FIBA World Championship">1954</a> and <a href="/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1963 FIBA World Championship">1963</a>. At the 1963 event, the <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil national basketball team">Brazil national basketball team</a> won one of its two world championship titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FIBA_History_504-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIBA_History-504">[500]</a></sup> |
| </p> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1093669538">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> |
| <ul> |
| <li><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li> |
| <li><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America portal</a></span></li></ul></div> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline of Brazil</a><div style="clear:right;"></div></li></ul> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> |
| <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> |
| <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:85%;">European Portuguese: </span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="pt-PT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[bɾɐˈziɫ]</a></span></span> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> |
| <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> |
| <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes <a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arab Brazilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish Brazilian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani Brazilian</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes <i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">Caboclo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></i></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Brazilian census uses the term <i>amarela</i> (or <i>yellow</i> in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/Arabs and South Asians</span> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist"> |
| <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> |
| <li id="cite_note-HinoBandeira-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HinoBandeira_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFExército_Brasileiro" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Exército Brasileiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional">"Hino à Bandeira Nacional"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hino+%C3%A0+Bandeira+Nacional&rft.au=Ex%C3%A9rcito+Brasileiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eb.mil.br%2Fweb%2Fmidia-eletronica%2Fhino-a-bandeira-nacional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-census2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2010_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf">IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116103249/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=2170">"2010 Population Census – General characteristics of population, religion and persons with disabilities (Portuguese)"</a>. <i>ibge.gov.br</i> (in Portuguese). 16 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=2170">the original</a> on 16 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibge.gov.br&rft.atitle=2010+Population+Census+%E2%80%93+General+characteristics+of+population%2C+religion+and+persons+with+disabilities+%28Portuguese%29&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fpresidencia%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticia_impressao.php%3Fid_noticia%3D2170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116103249/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=2170">"2010 Population Census – General characteristics of population, religion and persons with disabilities (Portuguese)"</a>. <i>ibge.gov.br</i> (in Portuguese). 16 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=2170">the original</a> on 16 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibge.gov.br&rft.atitle=2010+Population+Census+%E2%80%93+General+characteristics+of+population%2C+religion+and+persons+with+disabilities+%28Portuguese%29&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fpresidencia%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticia_impressao.php%3Fid_noticia%3D2170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2022 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOBR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBR_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=223,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021"</a>. <i>Imf</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imf&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D223%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-WBgini-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WBgini_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR">"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Brazil"</a>. World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Brazil&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-HDI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Bello1966v-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bello1966v_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJosé_María_Bello1966" class="citation book cs1">José María Bello (1966). <i>A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56/mode/1up">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0238-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-0238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Brazil%3A+1889%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=iarchive%3Ahistoryofmodernb0000bell%2Fpage%2F56%2Fmode%2F1up%7C56&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0238-6&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+Bello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106154550/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm">"Área Territorial Brasileira"</a> [Brazilian Territorial Area] (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm">the original</a> on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>Para a superfície do Brasil foi obtido o valor de 8.515.759,090 km2, publicado no DOU nº 124 de 30/06/2017, conforme Resolução Nº 02, de 29 de junho de 2017.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%81rea+Territorial+Brasileira&rft.pub=Instituto+Brasileiro+de+Geografia+e+Estat%C3%ADstica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fgeociencias%2Fcartografia%2Fdefault_territ_area.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Philander2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philander2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPhilander2012" class="citation book cs1">Philander, S. George (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition</i></a>. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Princeton University. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9261-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-9261-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/970592418">970592418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warming+and+Climate+Change%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970592418&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9&rft.aulast=Philander&rft.aufirst=S.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8VE92tDqEEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-CrocittiVallance2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrocittiVallance2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012" class="citation book cs1">Vallance, Monique M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23">"Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil"</a>. In Crocitti, John J. (ed.). <i>Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic</i>. Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34672-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34672-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/787850982">787850982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+and+Observations+on+Contemporary+Brazil&rft.btitle=Brazil+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F787850982&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34672-9&rft.aulast=Vallance&rft.aufirst=Monique+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvP9jHaoL_s4C%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/especial/migrantes/migrantes.shtml">"Os migrantes de hoje"</a>. BBC Brasil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Os+migrantes+de+hoje&rft.pub=BBC+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fportuguese%2Fespecial%2Fmigrantes%2Fmigrantes.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-CIA_Geo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Geo_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/#geography">"Brazil § geography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2022 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Brazil+%C2%A7+geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2018.zip">(Archived 2018 edition)</a></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm">"Brazil – Land"</a>. <i>Permanent Missions</i>. United Nations. Geography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permanent+Missions&rft.atitle=Brazil+%E2%80%93+Land&rft.pages=Geography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fbrazil%2Fbrasil%2Fbrazil-land.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Constituição-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm">"Brazilian Federal Constitution"</a> (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Federal+Constitution&rft.pub=Presidency+of+the+Republic&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2FConstituicao%2FConstitui%C3%A7ao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">"Brazilian Federal Constitution"</a>. v-brazil.com. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>Unofficial translate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Federal+Constitution&rft.pub=v-brazil.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-brazil.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2FtitleI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%94+World+Heritage+List&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-SchaeferPoffenbarger2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchaeferPoffenbarger2014_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFM._SchaeferJ._Poffenbarger2014" class="citation book cs1">M. Schaefer; J. Poffenbarger (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together</i></a>. Springer. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38794-3"><bdi>978-1-137-38794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+BRICS+and+its+Implication+for+the+United+States%3A+Emerging+Together&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38794-3&rft.au=M.+Schaefer&rft.au=J.+Poffenbarger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXdaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Burges2016-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burges2016_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSean_W._Burges2016" class="citation book cs1">Sean W. Burges (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 114–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69658-2"><bdi>978-1-317-69658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+and+the+Shifting+Sands+of+Globalization&rft.pages=114-15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69658-2&rft.au=Sean+W.+Burges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtolwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Gina-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gina_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGardini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gardini, Gian Luca (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12417">"Brazil: What Rise of What Power?"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Latin American Research</i>. <b>35</b>: 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12417">10.1111/blar.12417</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+What+Rise+of+What+Power%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fblar.12417&rft.aulast=Gardini&rft.aufirst=Gian+Luca&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fblar.12417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-FRIDE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRIDE_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf">FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Susanne Gratius, April 2008</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Collecott-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collecott_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Collecott2011" class="citation web cs1">Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/">"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status"</a>. The Diplomatic Courier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+Quest+for+Superpower+Status&rft.pub=The+Diplomatic+Courier&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.au=Peter+Collecott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomaticourier.com%2F2011%2F10%2F29%2Fbrazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFClendenning2008" class="citation news cs1">Clendenning, Alan (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm">"Booming Brazil could be world power soon"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. The Associated Press. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Booming+Brazil+could+be+world+power+soon&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.aulast=Clendenning&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2F2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-DominguezKim2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DominguezKim2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJorge_DominguezByung_Kook_Kim2013" class="citation book cs1">Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98"><i>Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana</i></a>. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76983-2"><bdi>978-1-136-76983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Compliance+and+Conflict%3A+East+Asia+Latin+America+and+the+New+Pax+Americana&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Affairs%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76983-2&rft.au=Jorge+Dominguez&rft.au=Byung+Kook+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0I_4JmjFbwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf">"FTSE Country Classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/FTSE_Group" title="FTSE Group">FTSE Group</a>. September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FTSE+Country+Classification&rft.pub=FTSE+Group&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftse.com%2Fproducts%2Fdownloads%2FFTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
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| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">"CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Country+Comparisons+%E2%80%93+GDP+%28purchasing+power+parity%29&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-wb-upper-middle-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-upper-middle_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups">"Country and Lending Groups"</a>. World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income">the original</a> on 18 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2011</span>. <q>Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fabout%2Fcountry-classifications%2Fcountry-and-lending-groups%23Upper_middle_income&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D2200%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BEmerging%2Bmarket%2Band%2Bdeveloping%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Neilson102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson102_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson102_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJeff_NeilsonBill_Pritchard2011" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Neilson; Bill Pritchard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834"><i>Value Chain Struggles</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5544-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-5544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value+Chain+Struggles&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4&rft.au=Jeff+Neilson&rft.au=Bill+Pritchard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwokuHhx1AOUC%26pg%3DPA1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Fausto1999-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fausto1999_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFausto1999" class="citation book cs1">Fausto, Boris (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus"><i>A Concise History of Brazil</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56526-4"><bdi>978-0-521-56526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56526-4&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00faus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Vincent2003-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent2003_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJon_S._Vincent.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jon S. Vincent. (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc"><i>Culture and Customs of Brazil</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Brazil&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30495-8&rft.au=Jon+S.+Vincent.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof0000vinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Tucker2007-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2007_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRichard_P._Tucker2007" class="citation book cs1">Richard P. Tucker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186"><i>Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5365-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-5365-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insatiable+Appetite%3A+The+Ecological+Degradation+of+the+Tropical+World&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5365-1&rft.au=Richard+P.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2V2q30BdEJ8C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Lee2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWayne_E._Lee2011" class="citation book cs1">Wayne E. Lee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196"><i>Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-6527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Indigenes%3A+Intercultural+Alliance%2C+Imperial+Expansion%2C+and+Warfare+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6527-2&rft.au=Wayne+E.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxatMrooibacC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Corporation1880-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corporation1880_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDaly1880" class="citation magazine cs1">Daly, Charles P. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493">"Maps and Map-making Before Mercator"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. Bonnier Corporation. 473–495, see page 493. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Maps+and+Map-making+Before+Mercator&rft.pages=473-495%2C+see+page+493&rft.date=1880&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiQDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Léry1990-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Léry1990_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJean_de_Léry1990" class="citation book cs1">Jean de Léry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242"><i>History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91380-6"><bdi>978-0-520-91380-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+a+Voyage+to+the+Land+of+Brazil%2C+Otherwise+Called+America&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91380-6&rft.au=Jean+de+L%C3%A9ry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8qqKoCSWVkC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Sokolow2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sokolow2003_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJayme_A._Sokolow.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84"><i>The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0982-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-0982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Encounter%3A+Native+Peoples+and+European+Settlers+in+the+Americas%2C+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0982-3&rft.au=Jayme+A.+Sokolow.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytghV9q6v3cC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Sobek2012-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herrera-Sobek2012_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Herrera-Sobek2012" class="citation book cs1">Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155"><i>Celebrating Latino Folklore</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34340-7"><bdi>978-0-313-34340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Latino+Folklore&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34340-7&rft.au=Maria+Herrera-Sobek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlY-tY62V1FIC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRomero2014" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html">"Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discoveries+Challenge+Beliefs+on+Humans%27+Arrival+in+the+Americas&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdiscoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm">http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812171650/http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm">Archived</a> 12 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._LevineJohn_J._Crocitti1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Levine; John J. Crocitti (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11"><i>The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-2290-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0&rft.au=Robert+M.+Levine&rft.au=John+J.+Crocitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR28K2JA9PM8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Science Magazine, 13 December 1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621">https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Mann-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMann2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles C.</a> (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326"><i>1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</i></a>. Vintage Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326">326–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-3205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1491%3A+New+Revelations+of+the+Americas+Before+Columbus&rft.pages=326-33&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F149100char%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLevine2003" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M. (2003). <i>The History of Brazil</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-6255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200331-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200331_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine2003">Levine (2003)</a>, p. 31.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Fausto-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fausto_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fausto_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFausto2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fausto, Carlos (2000). Zahar, Jorge (ed.). <i>Os Índios antes do Brasil</i> [<i>The Indians before Brazil</i>] (in Portuguese). pp. 45–46, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7110-543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7110-543-0"><bdi>978-85-7110-543-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+%C3%8Dndios+antes+do+Brasil&rft.pages=45-46%2C+55&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-85-7110-543-0&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gomes, Mercio P. <i>The Indians and Brazil</i> University Press of Florida 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1720-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1720-3">0-8130-1720-3</a> pp. 28–29</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto2000">Fausto (2000)</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200050-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200050_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto2000">Fausto (2000)</a>, p. 50.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._98_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 98.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p. 100-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 100.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, pp. 100–101.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Skidmore,_p. 27-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 27.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 101.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21083-7">978-90-04-21083-7</a> <i>Chapter III</i></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-163-5">978-1-61069-163-5</a> p. 300, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 36.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9628-7">978-1-4443-9628-7</a> Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 110</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 34.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p. 102-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._102_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 102.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, pp. 32–33.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). <i>The Library An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 164.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, pp. 168, 170.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 169.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKohn1986" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186"><i>Dictionary of Wars</i></a> (1st ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2916-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIzreCGlHxIC%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Richard_PotterHenry_Clifford_DarbyHarold_Fullard1957" class="citation book cs1">George Richard Potter; Henry Clifford Darby; Harold Fullard (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498"><i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i></a>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). CUP Archive. p. 498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=498&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1957&rft.au=George+Richard+Potter&rft.au=Henry+Clifford+Darby&rft.au=Harold+Fullard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BY9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-529-1">978-1-60497-529-1</a> pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q=tordesilha%20bandeira%20portugal%20brazil%20advance">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a> Chapter 4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p. 213-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._213_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 213</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; <i>Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil</i> ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-352-3994-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-352-3994-4">85-352-3994-4</a> Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bueno, p. 145.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Mosher2008-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mosher2008_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_C._Mosher2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey C. Mosher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9"><i>Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3247-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-3247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Struggle%2C+Ideology%2C+and+State+Building%3A+Pernambuco+and+the+Construction+of+Brazil%2C+1817%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1&rft.au=Jeffrey+C.+Mosher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_yszWOZUCkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Adelman2006-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adelman2006_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Adelman2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Adelman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334"><i>Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 334–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12664-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+Revolution+in+the+Iberian+Atlantic&rft.pages=334-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12664-7&rft.au=Jeremy+Adelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvFpURNsBRIC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustosa, pp. 109–110</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustosa, pp. 117–19</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustosa, pp. 150–153</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vianna, p. 418</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustosa, p. 208</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyra (v. 1), p. 17</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvalho 2007, p. 21</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> 1970, <i>"Cambridge Latin American Studides"</i>, Chapters 9 to 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, Rebecca and others, <i>The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil</i>, Duke University Press 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0888-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0888-6">0-8223-0888-6</a> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Drescher" title="Seymour Drescher">Seymour Drescher</a>, Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War".</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErmakoff2006">Ermakoff 2006</a>, p. 189.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmallman2002" class="citation book cs1">Smallman, Shawn C. (2002). "The Overthrow of the Empire". <i>Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5359-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-5359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Overthrow+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=Fear+in+Memory+in+the+Brazilian+Army+and+Society&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7&rft.aulast=Smallman&rft.aufirst=Shawn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/">"Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press"</a>. <i>The Brazilian Report</i>. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brazilian+Report&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+Proclamation+of+the+Republic+through+the+press&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrazilian.report%2Fopinion%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2Fbrazils-press-republic-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman2002end_of_Chapter_1,_from_p._18_"Military_rule"-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallman2002end_of_Chapter_1,_from_p._18_"Military_rule"_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmallman2002">Smallman (2002)</a>, end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule".</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman200221–26-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallman200221–26_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmallman2002">Smallman (2002)</a>, pp. 21–26.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23399-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23399-X">0-312-23399-X</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945</i>, pp. 265–69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uma+hist%C3%B3ria+diplom%C3%A1tica+do+Brasil%2C+1531%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=265-69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFViscount_of_Taunay1893" class="citation cs2">Viscount of Taunay (1893), <i>O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892</i>, Melhoramentos</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+encilhamento%3A+scenas+contemporaneas+da+bolsa+em+1890%2C+1891+e+1892&rft.pub=Melhoramentos&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Viscount+of+Taunay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNassif2007" class="citation cs2">Nassif, Luís (2007), <i>Os cabeças-de-planilha</i>, Ediouro, pp. 69–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-00-02094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-00-02094-0"><bdi>978-85-00-02094-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+cabe%C3%A7as-de-planilha&rft.pages=69-107&rft.pub=Ediouro&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-85-00-02094-0&rft.aulast=Nassif&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFde_Carvalho2004" class="citation cs2">de Carvalho, Ney O. Ribeiro (2004), <i>O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira</i>, Bovespa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-904019-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-904019-1-9"><bdi>978-85-904019-1-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Encilhamento%3A+anatomia+de+uma+bolha+brasileira&rft.pub=Bovespa&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-904019-1-9&rft.aulast=de+Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Ney+O.+Ribeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMartins1997" class="citation cs2">Martins, Hélio L (1997), <i>A Revolta da Armada</i>, BibliEx</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolta+da+Armada&rft.pub=BibliEx&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMoniz1984" class="citation cs2">Moniz, Edmundo (1984), <i>Canudos: a luta pela terra</i>, Global</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canudos%3A+a+luta+pela+terra&rft.pub=Global&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Moniz&rft.aufirst=Edmundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSevcenko2010" class="citation cs2">Sevcenko, Nicolau (2010), <i>A Revolta da Vacina</i>, Cosac Naify, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7503-868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7503-868-0"><bdi>978-85-7503-868-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolta+da+Vacina&rft.pub=Cosac+Naify&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-85-7503-868-0&rft.aulast=Sevcenko&rft.aufirst=Nicolau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFde_Moura2003" class="citation cs2">de Moura, Aureliano P (2003), <i>Contestado: a guerra cabocla</i>, Biblioteca do Exército</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contestado%3A+a+guerra+cabocla&rft.pub=Biblioteca+do+Ex%C3%A9rcito&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=de+Moura&rft.aufirst=Aureliano+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThompson1934" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Arthur (1934), <i>Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895</i>, Ravaro</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerra+civil+do+Brazil+de+1893%E2%80%931895&rft.pub=Ravaro&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRoland2000" class="citation cs2">Roland, Maria Inês (2000), <i>A Revolta da Chibata</i>, Saraiva, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-02-03095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-02-03095-4"><bdi>978-85-02-03095-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolta+da+Chibata&rft.pub=Saraiva&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-85-02-03095-4&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Maria+In%C3%AAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFForjaz1977" class="citation cs2">Forjaz, Maria CS (1977), <i>Tenentismo e politica</i>, Paz e Terra</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tenentismo+e+politica&rft.pub=Paz+e+Terra&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Forjaz&rft.aufirst=Maria+CS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. <i>The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i>, Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen, Benjamin / Haynes, Kate <i>A History of Latin America; Volume 2</i>, Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCann; Frank D. <i>Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Press 2004, p. 303 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3222-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3222-1">0-8047-3222-1</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibidem Williams 2001</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Bradford Burns; <i>A History of Brazil</i> Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07955-6">978-0-231-07955-6</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dulles, John W.F. <i>Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935</i> University of Texas Press 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74076-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74076-X">0-292-74076-X</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; <i>The New international year book</i> Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourne, Richard <i>Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954</i> C. Knight 1974, p. 77</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, Robert L. <i>Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001</i>. Potomac Books, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2">1-57488-452-2</a> Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; <i>Latin America during World War II</i> Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; <i>The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations</i>, Taylor & Francis Books 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-95066-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-95066-X">0-415-95066-X</a> pp. 4–5</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCastroIzecksohnKraay2004" class="citation cs2">Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Vitor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004), <i>Nova história militar brasileira</i>, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, pp. 13–14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-225-0496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-225-0496-1"><bdi>978-85-225-0496-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nova+hist%C3%B3ria+militar+brasileira&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-85-225-0496-1&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Celso&rft.au=Izecksohn%2C+Vitor&rft.au=Kraay%2C+Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCann 2004, p. 441</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roett; Riordan <i>Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society</i>, GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95899-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95899-X">0-275-95899-X</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 201</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, pp. 202–203</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 204</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, pp. 204–205</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, pp. 209–210</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 210</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), p. 397</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaspari, <i>A Ditadura Envergonhada</i>, pp. 141–42.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Gaspari_p.35-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaspari_p.35_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaspari, <i>A Ditadura Envergonhada</i>, p. 35.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395],_last_paragraph-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395],_last_paragraph_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395">395</a>, last paragraph.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958878-7">978-0-19-958878-7</a> p. 299 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299">View on Google Books</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA396_396]-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA396_396]_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396">396</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395–97]-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395–97]_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395">395–97</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_6_"The_military_government_and_the_transition_to_democracy_(1964–1984)"-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_6_"The_military_government_and_the_transition_to_democracy_(1964–1984)"_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)".</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 311.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Epilogue-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Epilogue_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Epilogue.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), p. 482.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), p. 474.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fausto (2005), p. 502.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network">"Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"</a> article on "the Guardian"</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.</span> |
| </li> |
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| <li id="cite_note-embassy-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-embassy_203-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-embassy_203-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100724/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html">"Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2007</span>. <q>Political Institutions – The Executive</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embassy+of+Brazil+%E2%80%93+Ottawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasembottawa.org%2Fen%2Fbrazil_in_brief%2Fpolitical_institution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html">"The Brazilian Legal System"</a>, Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Afonso da Silva, <i>Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo</i> (Malheiros, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7420-559-1" title="Special:BookSources/85-7420-559-1">85-7420-559-1</a>), p. 46.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc/quadro_emc.htm">"Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution"</a>. <i>Brazilian Law Compiled</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Law+Compiled&rft.atitle=Amendments+to+the+Brazilian+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fconstituicao%2FEmendas%2FEmc%2Fquadro_emc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silva, <i>Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo</i>, p. 592.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-DeffentiBarral2011-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeffentiBarral2011_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFabiano_DeffentiWelber_Oliveira_Barral2011" class="citation book cs1">Fabiano Deffenti; Welber Oliveira Barral (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ba2J5eD8wYC&pg=PA20"><i>Introduction to Brazilian Law</i></a>. Kluwer Law International. pp. 20–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2506-4"><bdi>978-90-411-2506-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Brazilian+Law&rft.pages=20-&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2506-4&rft.au=Fabiano+Deffenti&rft.au=Welber+Oliveira+Barral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Ba2J5eD8wYC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miguel Glugoski and Odete Medauar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usp.br/jorusp/arquivo/2003/jusp667/pag0304.htm">"Nossos direitos nas suas mãos"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">USP</a> Journal, 24–30 November 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=117153">"Página do STF no Twitter está no ar"</a> (12 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stf.jus.br/">STF Official Website</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> Consulted on 5 December 2009.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina (1987), p. 81.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-3,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html">"Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Uma nova agenda militar"</a>. Revistaepoca.globo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Especial+%E2%80%93+NOT%C3%8DCIAS+%E2%80%93+Uma+nova+agenda+militar&rft.pub=Revistaepoca.globo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistaepoca.globo.com%2FRevista%2FEpoca%2F0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-3%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2022 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2013.zip">(Archived 2013 edition)</a></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/25/eng20061025_315049.html">"People's Daily Online – Bolivia bans Argentina from reselling gas to Chile"</a>. English.peopledaily.com.cn. 25 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Daily+Online+%E2%80%93+Bolivia+bans+Argentina+from+reselling+gas+to+Chile&rft.pub=English.peopledaily.com.cn&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200610%2F25%2Feng20061025_315049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3632235.stm">"Fresh anger over Bolivia gas plan"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fresh+anger+over+Bolivia+gas+plan&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3632235.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-revistaepoca.globo.com-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revistaepoca.globo.com_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825094407/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1%2C%2CEMI14440-15273%2C00.html">"Especial – NOTÍCIAS – Os pés de barro de um gigante"</a>. Revistaepoca.globo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/1,,EMI14440-15273,00.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Especial+%E2%80%93+NOT%C3%8DCIAS+%E2%80%93+Os+p%C3%A9s+de+barro+de+um+gigante&rft.pub=Revistaepoca.globo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistaepoca.globo.com%2FRevista%2FEpoca%2F1%2C%2CEMI14440-15273%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRohter2004" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/01/world/brazil-is-leading-a-largely-south-american-mission-to-haiti.html">"Brazil Is Leading a Largely South American Mission to Haiti"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brazil+Is+Leading+a+Largely+South+American+Mission+to+Haiti&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F08%2F01%2Fworld%2Fbrazil-is-leading-a-largely-south-american-mission-to-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html">Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919114914/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html">Archived</a> 19 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013700/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf">U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. Retrieved on 23 June 2009.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-ODI1-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_245-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_245-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_245-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid">Brazil: an emerging aid player</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185641/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid">Archived</a> 13 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). London: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabral, Lidia 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx">Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). London: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca">"Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança"</a>. Portal Brasil. 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordem+p%C3%BAblica+%C3%A9+prioridade+da+For%C3%A7a+Nacional+de+Seguran%C3%A7a&rft.pub=Portal+Brasil&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasil.gov.br%2Fdefesa-e-seguranca%2F2012%2F05%2Fordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,brasil-tem-maior-numero-absoluto-de-homicidios-do-mundo,1604827">"Brasil tem maior número absoluto de homicídios do mundo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo" title="O Estado de S. Paulo">O Estado de S. Paulo</a>. 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+tem+maior+n%C3%BAmero+absoluto+de+homic%C3%ADdios+do+mundo&rft.pub=O+Estado+de+S.+Paulo&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrasil.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fgeral%2Cbrasil-tem-maior-numero-absoluto-de-homicidios-do-mundo%2C1604827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811121142/http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E">"Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes"</a>. Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo. 31 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taxa+de+delito+por+100+mil+habitantes&rft.pub=Secretaria+de+Seguran%C3%A7a+P%C3%BAblica+do+Estado+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssp.sp.gov.br%2Festatistica%2Fdados.aspx%3Fid%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html">"A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 10 August 2018. Archived from <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Year+of+Violence+Sees+Brazil%27s+Murder+Rate+Hit+Record+High&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbrazil-murder-rate-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/noticias/uma-pessoa-e-assassinada-a-cada-dez-minutos-no-brasil">"Os estados com mais homicídios no Brasil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exame" title="Exame">Exame</a></i>. 11 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exame&rft.atitle=Os+estados+com+mais+homic%C3%ADdios+no+Brasil&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticias%2Fuma-pessoa-e-assassinada-a-cada-dez-minutos-no-brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2014/06/1465527-brasil-passa-a-russia-e-tem-a-terceira-maior-populacao-carceraria-do-mundo.shtml">"Brasil passa a Rússia e tem a terceira maior população carcerária do mundo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a></i>. 5 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft.atitle=Brasil+passa+a+R%C3%BAssia+e+tem+a+terceira+maior+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+carcer%C3%A1ria+do+mundo&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcotidiano%2F2014%2F06%2F1465527-brasil-passa-a-russia-e-tem-a-terceira-maior-populacao-carceraria-do-mundo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html">"Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional"</a>. G1. 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brasil+tem+hoje+deficit+de+200+mil+vagas+no+sistema+prisional&rft.pub=G1&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticia%2F2014%2F01%2Fbrasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-exportaçãoagrícola-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exportaçãoagrícola_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220949/https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/">"Brasil será maior exportador agrícola mundial em 2024"</a> (in Portuguese). EXAME. 1 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/">the original</a> on 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brasil+ser%C3%A1+maior+exportador+agr%C3%ADcola+mundial+em+2024&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Feconomia%2Fbrasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728095448/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715">"Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões"</a>. Exame Magazine. 10 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715">the original</a> on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embraer+v%C3%AA+clientes+mais+dispostos+%C3%A0+compra+de+avi%C3%B5es&rft.pub=Exame+Magazine&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Fnegocios%2Fempresas%2Fnoticias%2Fembraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm">"6. Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Brazil is rich in a variety of natural resources and is the world's leading producer of tin, iron ore and phosphate. It has large deposits of diamonds, manganese, chromium, copper, bauxite and many other minerals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.+Brazil&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+%28FAO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fw7560e%2FW7560E06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br">"Labor force, total - Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Labor+force%2C+total+-+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.TLF.TOTL.IN%3Flocations%3DBr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=BR">"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) - Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Unemployment%2C+total+%28%25+of+total+labor+force%29+%28modeled+ILO+estimate%29+-+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.UEM.TOTL.ZS%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves">"BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL - SDDS"</a>. <i>www.bcb.gov.br</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bcb.gov.br&rft.atitle=BANCO+CENTRAL+DO+BRASIL+-+SDDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcb.gov.br%2Fen%2Ffinancialstability%2Finternationalreserves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR">"Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%242.15+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+-+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR">"Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%246.85+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+-+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.UMIC%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml">"Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos"</a>. <i>G1</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ind%C3%BAstrias+cal%C3%A7adistas+em+Franca%2C+SP+registram+queda+de+40%25+nas+vagas+de+trabalho+em+6+anos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fsp%2Fribeirao-preto-franca%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F07%2F14%2Findustrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFComércio2020" class="citation web cs1">Comércio, Diário do (24 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/">"Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minas+Gerais+produz+32%2C3%25+do+a%C3%A7o+nacional+em+2019&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft.aulast=Com%C3%A9rcio&rft.aufirst=Di%C3%A1rio+do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiariodocomercio.com.br%2Flivre%2Fminas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/">"O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País"</a>. 8 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+novo+mapa+das+montadoras%2C+que+agora+rumam+para+o+interior+do+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoedinheiro.com.br%2Fo-novo-mapa-das-montadoras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml">"Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia"</a>. <i>G1</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ind%C3%BAstria+automobil%C3%ADstica+do+Sul+do+Rio+impulsiona+superavit+na+economia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Frj%2Fsul-do-rio-costa-verde%2Fnoticia%2Findustria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf">"Indústria Química no Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ind%C3%BAstria+Qu%C3%ADmica+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com.br%2Fpt%2Fpublicacoes%2Fsetores-atividade%2Fassets%2Fquimico-petroquimico%2F2013%2Fpwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf">"Estudo de 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estudo+de+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FDeloitte%2Fbr%2FDocuments%2Fenergy-resources%2FDeloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm">"Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim"</a>. <i>economia.uol.com.br</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economia.uol.com.br&rft.atitle=Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nacional+da+ind%C3%BAstria+de+qu%C3%ADmicos+cai+5%2C7%25+em+2019%2C+diz+Abiquim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Festadao-conteudo%2F2020%2F02%2F03%2Fproducao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619042050/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">"Industria Textil no Brasil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">the original</a> on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industria+Textil+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnb.gov.br%2Fdocuments%2F80223%2F2509338%2Ftextil_16_2017%2528V2%2529.pdf%2F063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/">"Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018"</a>. <i>VEJA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VEJA&rft.atitle=Setor+de+servi%C3%A7os+sustenta+o+crescimento+do+PIB+de+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Feconomia%2Fsetor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index">"Produtividade e Comércio Exterior"</a>. <i>SECINT e SEPEC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SECINT+e+SEPEC&rft.atitle=Produtividade+e+Com%C3%A9rcio+Exterior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fprodutividade-e-comercio-exterior%2Fpt-br%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html">"Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pequenos+neg%C3%B3cios+j%C3%A1+representam+30%25+do+Produto+Interno+Bruto+do+pa%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistapegn.globo.com%2FNegocios%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F04%2Fpequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>UNWTO Tourism Highlights</i>. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284418145">10.18111/9789284418145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1814-5"><bdi>978-92-844-1814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284418145&rft.isbn=978-92-844-1814-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-UNWTO2011-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNWTO2011_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf">"UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Tourism Organization. June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights+%E2%80%93+2011+Edition&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmkt.unwto.org%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fdocpdf%2Funwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-MT1_2011-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MT1_2011_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html">"Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial"</a> (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estatisticas+e+Indicadores%3A+Receita+Cambial&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br%2Fdadosefatos%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-MT2_2011-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MT2_2011_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinistério_do_Turismo2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministério do Turismo (13 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074421/http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/">"Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011"</a> (in Portuguese). No Pátio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/">the original</a> on 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turismo+Brasileiro+com+novo+recorde+em+2011&rft.pub=No+P%C3%A1tio&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.au=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nopatio.com.br%2Fo-que-acontece%2Fturismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190830135934/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152"><i>Highlights of international tourism</i></a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284421152">10.18111/9789284421152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789284421152" title="Special:BookSources/9789284421152"><bdi>9789284421152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240665765">240665765</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 ">the original</a> on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+international+tourism&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240665765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284421152&rft.isbn=9789284421152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-unwto.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.18111%2F9789284421152+&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Palhares2012-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palhares2012_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuilherme_Lohmann_Palhares2012" class="citation book cs1">Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126"><i>Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments</i></a>. Routledge. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4"><bdi>978-0-415-67432-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Brazil%3A+Environment%2C+Management+and+Segments&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67432-4&rft.au=Guilherme+Lohmann+Palhares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO91SVF9nH8gC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf">"The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Economic Forum. May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Travel+%26+Tourism+Competitiveness+Report+2015&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FTT15%2FWEF_Global_Travel%26Tourism_Report_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-TTCI2013-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTCI2013_298-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTCI2013_298-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_BlankeThea_Chiesa2013" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Blanke; Thea Chiesa, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf">"Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, Geneva, Switzerland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+%26+Tourism+Competitiveness+Report+2013&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum%2C+Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See Table 4, pp. 18–19 and Country/Economy Profile: Brazil, pp. 116–17.</i></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-DevelopmentStaff2006v-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DevelopmentStaff2006v_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2006" class="citation book cs1">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94"><i>OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006</i></a>. OECD Publishing. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02999-6"><bdi>978-92-64-02999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+Brazil+2006&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-64-02999-6&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-Operation+and+Development+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlI8pqyWIluYC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Scientific2010f-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific2010f_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific2010" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Educational, Scientific (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110"><i>UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 110–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104132-7"><bdi>978-92-3-104132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report+2010%3A+The+Current+Status+of+Science+Around+the+World&rft.pages=110-18&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104132-7&rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZTLCOe_fqwC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-HarveySmid2010-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarveySmid2010_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrian_HarveyHenk_H.F._SmidThâeo_Pirard2010" class="citation book cs1">Brian Harvey; Henk H.F. Smid; Thâeo Pirard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324"><i>Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America</i></a>. Springer. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0874-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Space+Powers%3A+The+New+Space+Programs+of+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+South-America&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2&rft.au=Brian+Harvey&rft.au=Henk+H.F.+Smid&rft.au=Th%C3%A2eo+Pirard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD1ZaYbiWwMC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628">628</a>.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf">"M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 20 October 1901. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.+Santos+Dumont+Rounds+Eiffel+Tower&rft.date=1901-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1901%2F10%2F20%2F106920457.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-patentbritish-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patentbritish_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294">"Engelberg, Inc"</a>. Vintage Machinery. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engelberg%2C+Inc&rft.pub=Vintage+Machinery&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagemachinery.org%2Fmfgindex%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fid%3D294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php">"Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php">the original</a> on 9 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portable+stereo%27s+creator+got+his+due%2C+eventually&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2005%2F12%2F16%2Fnews%2Fprofile.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html">Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG</a> Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115503/http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Lattes-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lattes_318-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMinistério_da_Ciência,_Tecnologia_e_Inovação" class="citation web cs1">Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200502/http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html">"50 anos do Méson-Pi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+anos+do+M%C3%A9son-Pi&rft.au=Minist%C3%A9rio+da+Ci%C3%AAncia%2C+Tecnologia+e+Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbpf.br%2Fmeson%2Fmeson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf">"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centro+Brasileiro+de+Pesquisas+F%C3%ADsicas+%E2%80%93+Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Galileo%3A+Textos+de+F%C3%ADsica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbpfindex.cbpf.br%2Fpublication_pdfs%2Fdh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm">"Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes"</a>. UNESCOPRESS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atta-Ur-Rahman%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Leite+Lopes+and+Juan+Mart%C3%ADn+Maldacena+receive+UNESCO+science+prizes&rft.pub=UNESCOPRESS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fbpi%2Fscience%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Fupress%2F99-147e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml">Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-West,_David_A_2003-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-West,_David_A_2003_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFernanda_Castello_Branco" class="citation web cs1">Fernanda Castello Branco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411040044/http://turismo.ig.com.br/destinos-nacionais/as-11-estradas-mais-incriveis-do-brasil/n1597216427845.html">"As 11 estradas mais incríveis do Brasil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group" title="Internet Group">iG</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turismo.ig.com.br/destinos-nacionais/as-11-estradas-mais-incriveis-do-brasil/n1597216427845.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+11+estradas+mais+incr%C3%ADveis+do+Brasil&rft.pub=iG&rft.au=Fernanda+Castello+Branco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturismo.ig.com.br%2Fdestinos-nacionais%2Fas-11-estradas-mais-incriveis-do-brasil%2Fn1597216427845.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/Rodoviario/1-3-1-1-1-/Malha-rodovi%C3%A1ria-total">"Brazilian road network in 2019"</a>. <i>anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br&rft.atitle=Brazilian+road+network+in+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br%2F2021%2FRodoviario%2F1-3-1-1-1-%2FMalha-rodovi%25C3%25A1ria-total&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-TRANSPORTATION.html">"Road system in Brazil"</a>. Nationsencyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+system+in+Brazil&rft.pub=Nationsencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2FAmericas%2FBrazil-TRANSPORTATION.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/">"Anuário CNT do Transporte"</a>. <i>anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br&rft.atitle=Anu%C3%A1rio+CNT+do+Transporte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br%2F2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPereiraLessaCardoso" class="citation cs2">Pereira, L.A.G; Lessa, S.N.; Cardoso, A.D., <i>Planejamento e Transporte Rodoviário no Brasil</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planejamento+e+Transporte+Rodovi%C3%A1rio+no+Brasil&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=L.A.G&rft.au=Lessa%2C+S.N.&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sydney Alberto Latini; "A Implantação da Indústria Automobilística no Brasil"; Editora Alaúde 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-98497-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-98497-55-6">978-85-98497-55-6</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html">"OPrincipais ferrovias"</a>. Ministerio dos Transportes <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092636/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-2012ciagini-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012ciagini_330-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012ciagini_330-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL86760-5598,00.html">"Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos"</a>. <i>O Globo</i>, 12 August 2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Palhares2012x-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palhares2012x_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuilherme_Lohmann_Palhares2012" class="citation book cs1">Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA48"><i>Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments</i></a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4"><bdi>978-0-415-67432-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Brazil%3A+Environment%2C+Management+and+Segments&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67432-4&rft.au=Guilherme+Lohmann+Palhares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO91SVF9nH8gC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224101/http://www.mzweb.com.br/santosbrasil/web/conteudo_pt.asp?idioma=0&tipo=3958&conta=28">"Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres"</a>, Santos Brasil. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFG1Brasília2013" class="citation web cs1">G1, Fábio AmatoDo; Brasília, em (24 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2013/03/navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html">"Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC"</a>. <i>Economia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economia&rft.atitle=Navios+esperam+at%C3%A9+16+dias+para+atracar+em+porto+do+pa%C3%ADs%2C+diz+MDIC&rft.date=2013-03-24&rft.aulast=G1&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A1bio+AmatoDo&rft.au=Bras%C3%ADlia%2C+em&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2013%2F03%2Fnavios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-SchmidtOnyango2011-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtOnyango2011_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMichael_SchmidtVincent_OnyangoDmytro_Palekhov2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Schmidt; Vincent Onyango; Dmytro Palekhov (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42"><i>Implementing Environmental and Resource Management</i></a>. Springer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77568-3"><bdi>978-3-540-77568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+Environmental+and+Resource+Management&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-540-77568-3&rft.au=Michael+Schmidt&rft.au=Vincent+Onyango&rft.au=Dmytro+Palekhov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67bRqegVVcwC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-OECDDevelopment2001-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECDDevelopment2001_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOECDOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2001" class="citation book cs1">OECD; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193"><i>OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001</i></a>. OECD Publishing. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-19141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-19141-9"><bdi>978-92-64-19141-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+Brazil+2001&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-92-64-19141-9&rft.au=OECD&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-Operation+and+Development+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6U8AUm1ef4C%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IRENA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRENA&rft.atitle=RENEWABLE+CAPACITY+STATISTICS+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2022%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy">Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser: Solar Power Generation</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica_339-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica_339-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica">Matriz Energética e Elétrica</a></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Ministério_de_Minas_e_Energia-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ministério_de_Minas_e_Energia_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-2%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D3%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta%3D15%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur%3D5%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator%3Dtrue">https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-2%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D3%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta%3D15%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur%3D5%26_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator%3Dtrue</a> National Agency of Energy</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/business/brasil-anuncia-aumento-da-producao-de-petroleo-em-10-para-ajudar-a-estabilizar-precos/">Brasil anuncia aumento da produção de petróleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preços</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez">"Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez">the original</a> on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+petr%C3%B3leo+e+g%C3%A1s+no+Brasil+ultrapassa+4+milh%C3%B5es+de+boe%2Fd+pela+primeira+vez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anp.gov.br%2Fnoticias%2F5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-ForgiaCouttolenc2008-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForgiaCouttolenc2008_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Martin_La_ForgiaBernard_F._Couttolenc2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Martin La Forgia; Bernard F. Couttolenc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17"><i>Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence</i></a>. World Bank Publications. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7359-0"><bdi>978-0-8213-7359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hospital+Performance+in+Brazil%3A+The+Search+for+Excellence&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-7359-0&rft.au=Gerard+Martin+La+Forgia&rft.au=Bernard+F.+Couttolenc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3R43xW5KqcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html">"20 Anos do SUS"</a>. Conselho Nacional de Saúde<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Anos+do+SUS&rft.pub=Conselho+Nacional+de+Sa%C3%BAde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconselho.saude.gov.br%2Fweb_sus20anos%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Wolper2004-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolper2004_345-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_F._Wolper2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence F. Wolper (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33"><i>Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3144-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-3144-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-3144-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Care+Administration%3A+Planning%2C+Implementing%2C+and+Managing+Organized+Delivery+Systems&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-3144-1&rft.au=Lawrence+F.+Wolper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZts-QdpDiWUC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BR">"Physicians (per 1,000 people)"</a>. <i>World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization%27s+Global+Health+Workforce+Statistics&rft.atitle=Physicians+%28per+1%2C000+people%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.MED.PHYS.ZS%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS">"Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)"</a>. <i>World Health Organization The World Bank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization+The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Hospital+beds+%28per+1%2C000+people%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.MED.BEDS.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Radar_social-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radar_social_348-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radar_social_348-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216074831/http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf">"Saúde"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radar social</i>. Ministério do Planejamento. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radar+social&rft.atitle=Sa%C3%BAde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planejamento.gov.br%2Fsecretarias%2Fupload%2FArquivos%2Fspi%2Fprogramas_projeto%2Fradar_social%2F2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/paper30.pdf">"Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+overall+health+system+performance+for+191+countries&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fhealthinfo%2Fpaper30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Usa2005-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Usa2005_350-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFUsa_Ibp_Usa2005" class="citation book cs1">Usa Ibp Usa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhWjfK8CswC&pg=PA42"><i>Brazil: Tax Guide</i></a>. Int'l Business Publications. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-3279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-3279-3"><bdi>978-0-7397-3279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Tax+Guide&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Int%27l+Business+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-3279-3&rft.au=Usa+Ibp+Usa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdzhWjfK8CswC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-:0-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_351-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_351-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/07/15/ibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml">"IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste"</a>. <i>Globo.com</i> (in Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globo.com&rft.atitle=IBGE%3A+Analfabetismo+cai+no+pa%C3%ADs%2C+mas+fica+estagnado+no+Nordeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2Fibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Agency2010-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agency2010_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Central_Intelligence_Agency2010" class="citation book cs1">The Central Intelligence Agency (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&pg=PA143"><i>The World Factbook 2010</i></a> (CIA 2009 ed.). Potomac Books, Inc. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-541-4"><bdi>978-1-59797-541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+2010&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=CIA+2009&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-541-4&rft.au=The+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-9eSrZtYAAC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Bank2001-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bank2001_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank2001" class="citation book cs1">World Bank (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YttV-Ggq90UC&pg=PA40"><i>Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy</i></a>. World Bank Publications. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5206-9"><bdi>978-0-8213-5206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Poverty+Alleviation+in+Brazil%3A+Towards+an+Integrated+Strategy&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5206-9&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYttV-Ggq90UC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLaplane" class="citation web cs1">Laplane, Mario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/impact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil">"Efforts towards inclusion"</a>. <i>D + C, Development and cooperation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D+%2B+C%2C+Development+and+cooperation&rft.atitle=Efforts+towards+inclusion&rft.aulast=Laplane&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fimpact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2019">"QS University Rankings Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+University+Rankings+Latin+America&rft.pub=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Flatin-american-university-rankings%2F2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514045322/http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html">"Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo"</a> (in Portuguese). O Fuxico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rede+Globo+se+torna+a+2%C2%AA+maior+emissora+do+mundo&rft.pub=O+Fuxico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fofuxico.terra.com.br%2Fnoticias-sobre-famosos%2Frede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo%2F2012%2F05%2F11-139187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996_357-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_Gonzalez_EchevarríaEnrique_Pupo-Walker1996" class="citation book cs1">Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría; Enrique Pupo-Walker (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA13"><i>The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41035-9"><bdi>978-0-521-41035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41035-9&rft.au=Roberto+Gonzalez+Echevarr%C3%ADa&rft.au=Enrique+Pupo-Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97NoYRx96ZAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Johnston2003-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2003_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDonald_H._Johnston2003" class="citation book cs1">Donald H. Johnston (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of international media and communications</i>. Vol. 3. Academic Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-387671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-387671-3"><bdi>978-0-12-387671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+international+media+and+communications&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-12-387671-3&rft.au=Donald+H.+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Vincent2003B-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent2003B_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJon_S._Vincent2003" class="citation book cs1">Jon S. Vincent (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc"><i>Culture and Customs of Brazil</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/97">97</a>–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Brazil&rft.pages=97-100&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30495-8&rft.au=Jon+S.+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof0000vinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-McCann2004-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCann2004_360-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBryan_McCann2004" class="citation book cs1">Bryan McCann (2004). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca"><i>Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3273-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-3273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hello%2C+Hello+Brazil%3A+Popular+Music+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Brazil&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3273-2&rft.au=Bryan+McCann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellohellobrazil00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Ward2007-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward2007_361-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ward2007" class="citation book cs1">David Ward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEs1Av1CvAC&pg=PA28"><i>Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization</i></a>. Routledge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87728-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87728-9"><bdi>978-0-203-87728-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+and+Public+Policy%3A+Change+and+Continuity+in+an+Era+of+Global+Liberalization&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87728-9&rft.au=David+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdEs1Av1CvAC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190248/http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/duvidas-frequentes/Paginas/Audiencia-de-televisao.aspx">"Um ponto de IBOPE equivale a quantas pessoas? E domicílios?"</a>. IBOPE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibope.com.br/pt-br/relacionamento/duvidas-frequentes/Paginas/Audiencia-de-televisao.aspx">the original</a> on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Um+ponto+de+IBOPE+equivale+a+quantas+pessoas%3F+E+domic%C3%ADlios%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibope.com.br%2Fpt-br%2Frelacionamento%2Fduvidas-frequentes%2FPaginas%2FAudiencia-de-televisao.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507101650/http://entretenimento.br.msn.com/famosos/top-10-das-novelas?page=0px">"Top 10 das novelas"</a>. MSN Brasil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entretenimento.br.msn.com/famosos/top-10-das-novelas?page=0px">the original</a> on 7 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+10+das+novelas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentretenimento.br.msn.com%2Ffamosos%2Ftop-10-das-novelas%3Fpage%3D0px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Alencar2009-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alencar2009_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarcelo_S._Alencar2009" class="citation book cs1">Marcelo S. Alencar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M96rKRAqHFgC&pg=PA179"><i>Digital Television Systems</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89602-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89602-3"><bdi>978-0-521-89602-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Television+Systems&rft.pages=179-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89602-3&rft.au=Marcelo+S.+Alencar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM96rKRAqHFgC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10152301">"Brazil launches international TV station for Africa"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brazil+launches+international+TV+station+for+Africa&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10152301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2008 PNAD, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1">"População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2008 PNAD, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=3&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&sec2=92956&sec2=92957&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1">"População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2008 PNAD, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=2&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&sec1=1&sec1=2&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1">"População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en">"Brazil population reaches 190.8 million"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809205237/http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en">Archived</a> 9 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Brasil.gov.br.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=311">"Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"</a>. Migration Policy Institute.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf">"Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019004601/http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1">"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística"</a>. IBGE. 29 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instituto+Brasileiro+de+Geografia+e+Estat%C3%ADstica&rft.pub=IBGE&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fpresidencia%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticia_visualiza.php%3Fid_noticia%3D1275%26id_pagina%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272">"Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection"</a>. IBGE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proje%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Brasil+%E2%80%93+Brazil%27s+populational+projection&rft.pub=IBGE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Fpresidencia%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticia_impressao.php%3Fid_noticia%3D1272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magno de Carvalho, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observasaude.sp.gov.br/BibliotecaPortal/Acervo/Estrutura_Demogr%C3%A1fica_Brasil.pdf">"Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, pp. 7–8.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PNAD 2008, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=2&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1">"Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade"</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PNAD 2008, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=3&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1">"Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade"</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PNAD 2008, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=2858&i=P&sec59=0&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&sec59=3318&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=2858&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=2&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&sec1=1&sec1=2&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&qtu2=5&sev=121&sec2=0&poc59=3&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43435&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99">"Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo e alfabetização"</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-IBGE_Censo_de_2000-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBGE_Censo_de_2000_378-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/tendencia_demografica/analise_populacao/1940_2000/default.shtm">"Tendências Demográficas: Uma análise da população com base nos resultados dos Censos Demográficos 1940 e 2000"</a>. Ibge.gov.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tend%C3%AAncias+Demogr%C3%A1ficas%3A+Uma+an%C3%A1lise+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+com+base+nos+resultados+dos+Censos+Demogr%C3%A1ficos+1940+e+2000&rft.pub=Ibge.gov.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Ftendencia_demografica%2Fanalise_populacao%2F1940_2000%2Fdefault.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Etnias_Censo_2010-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Etnias_Censo_2010_379-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Carlos_Lacerda2011" class="citation web cs1">Antonio Carlos Lacerda (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201813/http://port.pravda.ru/sociedade/curiosas/04-05-2011/31548-censo_demografico-0/">"Demographical census reveals Brazil as older and less white"</a>. Port.pravda.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://port.pravda.ru/sociedade/curiosas/04-05-2011/31548-censo_demografico-0/">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographical+census+reveals+Brazil+as+older+and+less+white&rft.pub=Port.pravda.ru&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.au=Antonio+Carlos+Lacerda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fport.pravda.ru%2Fsociedade%2Fcuriosas%2F04-05-2011%2F31548-censo_demografico-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212707/http://www.fatimanews.com.br/noticias/populacao-que-se-declara-branca-diminui-diz-ibge_116224/">"Self-declared White Brazilians decrease in number, says IBGE"</a>. Fatimanews.com.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatimanews.com.br/noticias/populacao-que-se-declara-branca-diminui-diz-ibge_116224/">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self-declared+White+Brazilians+decrease+in+number%2C+says+IBGE&rft.pub=Fatimanews.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatimanews.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fpopulacao-que-se-declara-branca-diminui-diz-ibge_116224%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-PNADIBGE-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNADIBGE_381-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2008 PNAD, IBGE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225239/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99">"População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo"</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-alvaro.com.br-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alvaro.com.br_382-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDe_Assis_PoiaresDe_Sá_OsorioSpanholColtre2010" class="citation journal cs1">De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf">"Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forensic Science International: Genetics</i>. <b>4</b> (2): e61–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2009.05.006">10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20129458">20129458</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International%3A+Genetics&rft.atitle=Allele+frequencies+of+15+STRs+in+a+representative+sample+of+the+Brazilian+population&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e61-63&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsigen.2009.05.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20129458&rft.aulast=De+Assis+Poiares&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft.au=De+S%C3%A1+Osorio%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Spanhol%2C+F%C3%A1bio+Alexandre&rft.au=Coltre%2C+Sidnei+C%C3%A9sar&rft.au=Rodenbusch%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Gusm%C3%A3o%2C+Leonor&rft.au=Largura%2C+Alvaro&rft.au=Sandrini%2C+Fabiano&rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+Cl%C3%A1udia+Maria+Dornelles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alvaro.com.br%2Fpdf%2FtrabalhoCientifico%2FARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www1.folha.uol.com.br_383-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml">Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-bdtd.bce.unb.br-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bdtd.bce.unb.br_384-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NMO Godinho <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873">O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162240/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873">Archived</a> 6 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasília (2008).</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-plosone.org-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_385-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_385-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPenaDi_PietroFuchshuber-MoraesGenro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy Fde, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; et al. (2011). Harpending, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040205">"The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (2): e17063. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...617063P">2011PLoSO...617063P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017063">10.1371/journal.pone.0017063</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040205">3040205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21359226">21359226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+Ancestry+of+Individuals+from+Different+Geographical+Regions+of+Brazil+Is+More+Uniform+Than+Expected&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e17063&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3040205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21359226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017063&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...617063P&rft.aulast=Pena&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9rgio+D.+J.&rft.au=Di+Pietro%2C+Giuliano&rft.au=Fuchshuber-Moraes%2C+Mateus&rft.au=Genro%2C+Julia+Pasqualini&rft.au=Hutz%2C+Mara+H.&rft.au=Kehdy+Fde%2C+Fernanda+de+Souza+Gomes&rft.au=Kohlrausch%2C+Fabiana&rft.au=Magno%2C+Luiz+Alexandre+Viana&rft.au=Montenegro%2C+Raquel+Carvalho&rft.au=Moraes%2C+MO&rft.au=De+Moraes%2C+ME&rft.au=De+Moraes%2C+MR&rft.au=Ojopi%2C+EB&rft.au=Perini%2C+JA&rft.au=Racciopi%2C+C&rft.au=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos%2C+AK&rft.au=Rios-Santos%2C+F&rft.au=Romano-Silva%2C+MA&rft.au=Sortica%2C+VA&rft.au=Suarez-Kurtz%2C+G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3040205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Stella_Ferreira-Levy1974" class="citation journal cs1">Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0034-89101974000500003">"O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)"</a>. <i>Revista de Saúde Pública</i>. <b>8</b> (supl): 49–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0034-89101974000500003">10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Sa%C3%BAde+P%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=O+papel+da+migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+internacional+na+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+brasileira+%281872+a+1972%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=supl&rft.pages=49-90&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0034-89101974000500003&rft.au=Maria+Stella+Ferreira-Levy&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0034-89101974000500003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span>, Table 2, p. 74. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section <i>"The Beginning of the 'Mosaic' </i>".</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_388-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-brazil/">"The Jewish Community in Brazil"</a>. <i>Beit Hatfutsot</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beit+Hatfutsot&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bh.org.il%2Fjewish-community-brazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFParraAmadoLambertucciRocha2003" class="citation journal cs1">Parra, Flavia C.; Amado, Roberto C.; Lambertucci, José R.; Rocha, Jorge; Antunes, Carlos M.; Pena, Sérgio D. J. (7 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC140919">"Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>100</b> (1): 177–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100..177P">2003PNAS..100..177P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0126614100">10.1073/pnas.0126614100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC140919">140919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12509516">12509516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Color+and+genomic+ancestry+in+Brazilians&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177-82&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC140919%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12509516&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0126614100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..100..177P&rft.aulast=Parra&rft.aufirst=Flavia+C.&rft.au=Amado%2C+Roberto+C.&rft.au=Lambertucci%2C+Jos%C3%A9+R.&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Antunes%2C+Carlos+M.&rft.au=Pena%2C+S%C3%A9rgio+D.+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC140919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008).</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-afrobras-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afrobras_391-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124105905/http://www.afrobras.org.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2112&Itemid=2">Negros de origem européia</a>. afrobras.org.br</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuerreiro-JuniorBisso-MachadoMarreroHünemeier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Guerreiro-Junior, Vanderlei; Bisso-Machado, Rafael; Marrero, Andrea; Hünemeier, Tábita; Salzano, Francisco M.; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032968">"Genetic signatures of parental contribution in black and white populations in Brazil"</a>. <i>Genetics and Molecular Biology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS1415-47572009005000001">10.1590/S1415-47572009005000001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032968">3032968</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21637639">21637639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+signatures+of+parental+contribution+in+black+and+white+populations+in+Brazil&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032968%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21637639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS1415-47572009005000001&rft.aulast=Guerreiro-Junior&rft.aufirst=Vanderlei&rft.au=Bisso-Machado%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Marrero%2C+Andrea&rft.au=H%C3%BCnemeier%2C+T%C3%A1bita&rft.au=Salzano%2C+Francisco+M.&rft.au=Bortolini%2C+Maria+C%C3%A1tira&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPenaBastos-RodriguesPimentaBydlowski2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pena, S.D.J.; Bastos-Rodrigues, L.; Pimenta, J.R.; Bydlowski, S.P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X2009005000026">"Genetic heritage variability of Brazilians in even regional averages, 2009 study"</a>. <i>Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research</i>. <b>42</b> (10): 870–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-879X2009005000026">10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19738982">19738982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Journal+of+Medical+and+Biological+Research&rft.atitle=Genetic+heritage+variability+of+Brazilians+in+even+regional+averages%2C+2009+study&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=870-76&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0100-879X2009005000026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19738982&rft.aulast=Pena&rft.aufirst=S.D.J.&rft.au=Bastos-Rodrigues%2C+L.&rft.au=Pimenta%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Bydlowski%2C+S.P.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0100-879X2009005000026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p. 268-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p._268_394-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p._268_394-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coelho (1996), p. 268.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p. 117-395"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p._117_395-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p._117_395-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vesentini (1988), p. 117.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adas, Melhem <i>Panorama geográfico do Brasil</i>, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-16-04336-3" title="Special:BookSources/85-16-04336-3">85-16-04336-3</a></span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p. 108-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_398-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_398-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_398-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreira (1981), p. 108.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Enciclopédia Barsa</i>, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355.</span> |
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| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p. 161-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p._161_402-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p._161_402-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Azevedo (1971), p. 161.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Enciclopédia Barsa,</i> vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-USDS-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDS_406-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm">"Brazil"</a>. <i>International Religious Freedom Report</i>. U.S. Department of State. 8 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51629.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoyleSheen2013_407-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211"><i>Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</i></a>. Routledge. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7"><bdi>978-1-134-72229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72229-7&rft.au=Kevin+Boyle&rft.au=Juliet+Sheen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxgFWwK8dXwC%26pg%3DPT211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_408-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">the original</a> on 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Morris2006a-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2006a_409-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223"><i>Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-JeynesRobinson2012-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JeynesRobinson2012_410-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_JeynesDavid_W._Robinson2012" class="citation book cs1">William Jeynes; David W. Robinson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405"><i>International Handbook of Protestant Education</i></a>. Springer. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2386-3"><bdi>978-94-007-2386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Protestant+Education&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2386-3&rft.au=William+Jeynes&rft.au=David+W.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIBlry_2oLQC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf">"2010 census results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+census+results&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ibge.gov.br%2FCensos%2FCenso_Demografico_2010%2FCaracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia%2Ftab1_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-georgetown2-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown2_412-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">the original</a> on 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span> See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism"</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FGV_no_G1-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_413-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_413-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDo_G1,_em_São_Paulo2011" class="citation web cs1">Do G1, em São Paulo (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html">"G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo – notícias em Brasil"</a>. G1.globo.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G1+%E2%80%93+Pa%C3%ADs+tem+menor+n%C3%ADvel+de+adeptos+do+catolicismo+desde+1872%2C+diz+estudo+%E2%80%93+not%C3%ADcias+em+Brasil&rft.pub=G1.globo.com&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.au=Do+G1%2C+em+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticia%2F2011%2F08%2Fpais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783">"Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano"</a>. <a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senado+aprova+acordo+com+o+Vaticano&rft.pub=O+Globo&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fsenado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm">"Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010"</a>. Casa Civil da Presidência da República<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+n%C2%BA+7.107%2C+de+11+de+fevereiro+de+2010.&rft.pub=Casa+Civil+da+Presid%C3%AAncia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2F_Ato2007-2010%2F2010%2FDecreto%2FD7107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-language2-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language2_416-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm">"Brazil – Language"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Brazil+%E2%80%93+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbrazil%2F39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424">"Learn About Portuguese Language"</a>. Sibila.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+About+Portuguese+Language&rft.pub=Sibila.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibila.com.br%2Findex.php%2Fworld-map-of-portuguese%2F424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Portuguese-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_418-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_418-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portuguese_418-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br">"Languages of Brazil"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Brazil&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dbr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Libras_2002-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Libras_2002_419-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910070529/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2002/L10436.htm">LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002</a>. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Libras_2005-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Libras_2005_420-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/decreto/d5626.htm">Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005</a>. Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Russo2011-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russo2011_421-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCharles_J._Russo2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles J. Russo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JuV1cZ7NJHIC&pg=PA45"><i>The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1085-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-1085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Rights+of+Students+with+Disabilities%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1085-1&rft.au=Charles+J.+Russo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuV1cZ7NJHIC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCampbellGrondonaMuysken2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica; Muysken, Peter (2012). "Contacts between indigenous languages in South America". <i>The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025803-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025803-5"><bdi>978-3-11-025803-5</bdi></a>. <q>Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paolo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contacts+between+indigenous+languages+in+South+America&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Languages+of+South+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025803-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft.au=Grondona%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-nyt-language-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-language_423-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRohter2005" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html">"Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Language+Born+of+Colonialism+Thrives+Again+in+Amazon&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Finternational%2Famericas%2F28amazon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html">"O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil"</a>. DW-World.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+alem%C3%A3o+lusitano+do+Sul+do+Brasil&rft.pub=DW-World.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1174391%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm">"ELB"</a>. <i>labeurb.unicamp.br</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=labeurb.unicamp.br&rft.atitle=ELB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labeurb.unicamp.br%2Felb%2Feuropeias%2Ftalian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304160633/http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html">"Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile"</a>. Sitoveneto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approvato+il+progetto+che+dichiara+il+%27Talian%27+come+patrimonio+del+Rio+Grande+del+Sud+%E2%80%93+Brasile&rft.pub=Sitoveneto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitoveneto.org%2Ftalian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Stevenson1997-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson1997_427-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Stevenson1997" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Stevenson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39"><i>The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823738-9"><bdi>978-0-19-823738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Language+and+the+Real+World%3A+Sociolinguistic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Pragmatic+Perspectives+on+Contemporary+German&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823738-9&rft.au=Patrick+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAviTvt-cPaUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_428-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil/T%C3%ADtulo_II#Artigo_13">"Constituição de 1988 da República Federativa do Brasil/Título II – Wikisource"</a>. <i>pt.m.wikisource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pt.m.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+1988+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+Federativa+do+Brasil%2FT%C3%ADtulo+II+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_1988_da_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil%2FT%25C3%25ADtulo_II%23Artigo_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm">"IDBGE"</a> (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDBGE&rft.pub=IBGE&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcenso2010%2Fdefault.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_430-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_430-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855">"Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo"</a> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mais+da+metade+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+vive+em+294+arranjos+formados+por+contiguidade+urbana+e+por+deslocamentos+para+trabalho+e+estudo&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br%2Fnoticias%3Fview%3Dnoticia%26id%3D1%26busca%3D1%26idnoticia%3D2855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">"Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arranjos+Populacionais+e+Concentra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Urbanas+do+Brasil&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoftp.ibge.gov.br%2Forganizacao_do_territorio%2Fdivisao_regional%2Farranjos_populacionais%2Farranjos_populacionais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf">"Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimativas+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+residente+no+Brasil+e+Unidades+da+Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+com+data+de+refer%C3%AAncia+em+1%C2%BA+de+julho+de+2016&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ibge.gov.br%2FEstimativas_de_Populacao%2FEstimativas_2016%2Festimativa_dou_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html">"Principal Cities"</a>. <i>Encarta</i>. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Principal+Cities&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=MSN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761554342_3%2FBrazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2010)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Brazil#Dubious" title="Talk:Brazil">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">"Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arranjos+Populacionais+e+Concentra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Urbanas+do+Brasil&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fgeoftp.ibge.gov.br%2Forganizacao_do_territorio%2Fdivisao_regional%2Farranjos_populacionais%2Farranjos_populacionais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2017/estimativa_dou.shtm">"Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimativas+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+residente+no+Brasil+e+Unidades+da+Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+com+data+de+refer%C3%AAncia+em+1%C2%BA+de+julho+de+2017&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Festimativa2017%2Festimativa_dou.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Guiness-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guiness_436-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/largest-carnival/">Largest Carnival</a> <i>Guinness World Records</i>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Meade2009-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meade2009_437-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTeresa_A._Meade2009" class="citation book cs1">Teresa A. Meade (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146"><i>A Brief History of Brazil</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7788-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5&rft.au=Teresa+A.+Meade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6Jw-KNq2QUC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Levinson1998-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1998_438-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Levinson1998" class="citation book cs1">David Levinson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325"><i>Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1"><bdi>978-1-57356-019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+Worldwide%3A+A+Ready+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-019-1&rft.au=David+Levinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duwi-rv3VV6cC%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Lesser2013a-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lesser2013a_439-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Lesser2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Lesser (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJW029DYOZoC&pg=PA150"><i>Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19362-7"><bdi>978-0-521-19362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+National+Identity+in+Brazil%2C+1808+to+the+Present&rft.pages=150-55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19362-7&rft.au=Jeffrey+Lesser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJW029DYOZoC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFreyre1986" class="citation news cs1">Freyre, Gilberto (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530050909/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022">"The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture"</a>. UNESCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Afro-Brazilian+experiment%3A+African+influence+on+Brazilian+culture&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Freyre&rft.aufirst=Gilberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1310%2Fis_1986_May-June%2Fai_4375022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leandro Karnal, <i>Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI</i>, São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm">fflch.usp.br</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-itaucultural.org.br-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itaucultural.org.br_442-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8">"The Brazilian Baroque"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001754/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Marsh2012-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2012_443-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Marsh2012" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Marsh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3"><i>Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09437-8"><bdi>978-0-252-09437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Women%27s+Filmmaking%3A+From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09437-8&rft.au=Leslie+Marsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI5F7E6BQ5ukC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-444"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-445"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Guimaraens-446"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guimaraens_446-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guimaraens, Cêça de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm"><i>Arquitetura</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215103814/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Claro-447"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claro_447-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claro, Mauro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775">"Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"</a>. In: <i>Drops</i>, 2008; 09 (025.03)</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_448-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_448-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDuduka_Da_FonsecaBob_Weiner1991" class="citation book cs1">Duduka Da Fonseca; Bob Weiner (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7"><i>Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset</i></a>. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0987-6"><bdi>978-0-7692-0987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Rhythms+for+Drumset&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7692-0987-6&rft.au=Duduka+Da+Fonseca&rft.au=Bob+Weiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuZQUm_hhygC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Grazia2013-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grazia2013_449-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDonna_M._Di_Grazia2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Di_Grazia" title="Donna Di Grazia">Donna M. Di Grazia</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457"><i>Nineteenth-Century Choral Music</i></a>. Routledge. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29409-9"><bdi>978-1-136-29409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Choral+Music&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-29409-9&rft.au=Donna+M.+Di+Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyPz1PUFxW8C%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101">"UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention"</a>. Unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+Intangible+Heritage+%E2%80%93+2003+Convention&rft.pub=Unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3FRL%3D00101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Crook2009-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crook2009_451-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Crook2009" class="citation book cs1">Larry Crook (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Skjwor64MXwC&pg=PA78"><i>Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96066-3"><bdi>978-0-415-96066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus%3A+Music+of+Northeast+Brazil&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96066-3&rft.au=Larry+Crook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkjwor64MXwC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Fryer2000-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fryer2000_452-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Fryer2000" class="citation book cs1">Peter Fryer (2000). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye"><i>Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil</i></a></span>. Pluto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-0731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+Resistance%3A+African+Musical+Heritage+in+Brazil&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2&rft.au=Peter+Fryer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhythmsofresista0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-453"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/">"Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ"</a>. <i>Brazilian Experience</i>. 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Experience&rft.atitle=Brazil+From+A+TO+Z%3A+FORR%C3%93&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrazilianexperience.com%2Fbrazil-from-a-to-z-forro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-454"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper">"Jack A. Draper III"</a>. <i>Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romance+Languages+and+Literatures%3A+University+of+Missouri&rft.atitle=Jack+A.+Draper+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromancelanguages.missouri.edu%2Fpeople%2Fdraper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-455"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDraper2010" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Jack A., III (2010). <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3_and_Redemptive_Regionalism_from_the_Brazilian_Northeast" title="Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast"><i>Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration</i></a>. New York: Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1076-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-1076-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643568832">643568832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forr%C3%B3+and+redemptive+regionalism+from+the+Brazilian+northeast%3A+popular+music+in+a+culture+of+migration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643568832&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-1076-4&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.%2C+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-MacGowanPessanha1998-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacGowanPessanha1998_456-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998" class="citation book cs1">MacGowan, Chris; Pessanha, Ricardo (1998). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa"><i>The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil</i></a></span>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa/page/159">159</a>–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-545-8"><bdi>978-1-56639-545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazilian+Sound%3A+Samba%2C+Bossa+Nova%2C+and+the+Popular+Music+of+Brazil&rft.pages=159-61&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-545-8&rft.aulast=MacGowan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Pessanha%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbraziliansoundsa00mcgowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]_457-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998">MacGowan & Pessanha (1998)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MFD-EoTR7MC&pg=PA6">6</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Kassing2007-458"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassing2007_458-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGayle_Kassing2007" class="citation book cs1">Gayle Kassing (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass"><i>History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach</i></a></span>. Human Kinetics 10%. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass/page/236">236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6035-6"><bdi>978-0-7360-6035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dance%3A+An+Interactive+Arts+Approach&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics+10%25&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-6035-6&rft.au=Gayle+Kassing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofdancein00kass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-Campbell2011b-459"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2011b_459-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Campbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Campbell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299"><i>Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-2976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-2976-8"><bdi>978-0-8400-2976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+on&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-2976-8&rft.au=Michael+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK5DMAZsuAgC%26pg%3DPT299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]-460"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]_460-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA360">360</a>.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-461"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html">"Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/">Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa</a>. Visited on 2 November 2009.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Candido" title="Antonio Candido">Candido; Antonio.</a> (1970) <i>Vários escritos</i>. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, Helen (1970) <i>Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels</i>. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The <i>Modern Language Journal</i>, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-465"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, <i>Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação</i>, p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.</span> |
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| <li id="cite_note-492"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson, Gerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/">"Nelson Piquet"</a>. <i>Hall of Fame</i>. The Official Formula 1 Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Nelson+Piquet&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fteams_and_drivers%2Fhall_of_fame%2F181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-493"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson, Gerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/">"Ayrton Senna"</a>. <i>Hall of Fame</i>. The Official Formula 1 Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Ayrton+Senna&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fteams_and_drivers%2Fhall_of_fame%2F45%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-494"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623115807/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html">"Beach Soccer"</a>. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beach+Soccer&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Association+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Faboutfifa%2Fdeveloping%2Fbeachsoccer%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-495"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603161352/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html">"Futsal"</a>. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Futsal&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Association+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Faboutfifa%2Fdeveloping%2Ffutsal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-496"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml">"The art of capoeira"</a>. BBC. 20 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+art+of+capoeira&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthyorkshire%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F09%2F13%2Fcapoeira_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-497"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980530081959/http://www.valetudo.com.br/">"Brazilian Vale Tudo"</a>. I.V.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valetudo.com.br/">the original</a> on 30 May 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Vale+Tudo&rft.pub=I.V.C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaletudo.com.br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-498"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm">"International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Brazilian+Jiu-Jitsu+Federation&rft.pub=International+Brazilian+Jiu-Jitsu+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibjjf.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-499"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185404/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html">"1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil"</a>. <i>Previous FIFA World Cups</i>. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Previous+FIFA+World+Cups&rft.atitle=1950+FIFA+World+Cup+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fedition%3D7%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-500"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609044247/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html">"2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil"</a>. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+FIFA+World+Cup+Brazil&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Association+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Fpreliminarydraw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-501"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604141640/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html">"The Official Formula 1 Website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One Administration">Formula One Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Formula+1+Website&rft.pub=Formula+One+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fraces%2Fin_detail%2Fbrazil_804%2Fcircuit_diagram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-LiMacIntosh2011-502"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiMacIntosh2011_502-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMing_LiEric_W._MacIntoshGonzalo_A._Bravo2011" class="citation book cs1">Ming Li; Eric W. MacIntosh; Gonzalo A. Bravo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129"><i>International Sport Management</i></a>. Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-2241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-2241-3"><bdi>978-1-4504-2241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Sport+Management&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics+%E2%80%93+College+of+Business+at+Ohio+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4504-2241-3&rft.au=Ming+Li&rft.au=Eric+W.+MacIntosh&rft.au=Gonzalo+A.+Bravo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudBgtzFSlBIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-guardian_olympics-503"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_olympics_503-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele">"Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 2 October 2009.</span> |
| </li> |
| <li id="cite_note-FIBA_History-504"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIBA_History_504-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf">"FIBA World Championship History (pdf)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a>. 1 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIBA+World+Championship+History+%28pdf%29&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.com%2Fdownloads%2Fv3_abouFiba%2Fmp%2FFIBA_world_championships_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
| </li> |
| </ol></div></div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> |
| <ul><li>Azevedo, Aroldo. <i>O Brasil e suas regiões</i>. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971</li> |
| <li>Barman, Roderick J. <i>Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3510-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3510-7">0-8047-3510-7</a></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBiscardiRocha2006" class="citation cs2">Biscardi, Afrânio; Rocha, Frederico Almeida (May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm">"O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial"</a>, <i>19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte</i>, vol. I, no. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19%2620+%E2%80%93+A+revista+eletr%C3%B4nica+de+DezenoveVinte&rft.atitle=O+Mecenato+Art%C3%ADstico+de+D.+Pedro+II+e+o+Projeto+Imperial&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Biscardi&rft.aufirst=Afr%C3%A2nio&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Frederico+Almeida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezenovevinte.net%2Fensino_artistico%2Fmecenato_dpedro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles R.</a> <i>The Portuguese Seaborne Empire</i> (1969) |
| <ul><li><i>O império marítimo português 1415–1825</i>. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0292-9" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0292-9">85-359-0292-9</a></li></ul></li> |
| <li>Bueno, Eduardo. <i>Brasil: uma História</i>. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-08-08213-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-08-08213-4">85-08-08213-4</a></li> |
| <li>Calmon, Pedro. <i>História da Civilização Brasileira</i>. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002</li> |
| <li>Carvalho, José Murilo de. <i>D. Pedro II</i>. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007</li> |
| <li>Coelho, Marcos Amorim. <i>Geografia do Brasil</i>. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996</li> |
| <li>Diégues, Fernando. <i>A revolução brasílica</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004</li> |
| <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barsa_(encyclopedia)" title="Barsa (encyclopedia)">Enciclopédia Barsa</a></i>. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987</li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFErmakoff2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ermakoff, George (2006). <i>Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica</i> (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3"><bdi>978-85-98815-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rio+de+Janeiro+%E2%80%93+1840%E2%80%931900+%E2%80%93+Uma+cr%C3%B4nica+fotogr%C3%A1fica&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=G.+Ermakoff+Casa+Editorial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-85-98815-05-3&rft.aulast=Ermakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li>Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. <i>Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)</i>, 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7326-308-3" title="Special:BookSources/85-7326-308-3">85-7326-308-3</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Elio_Gaspari" title="Elio Gaspari">Gaspari, Elio</a>. <i>A ditadura envergonhada</i>. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0277-5" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0277-5">85-359-0277-5</a></li> |
| <li>Janotti, Aldo. <i>O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade</i>. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990</li> |
| <li>Lyra, Heitor. <i>História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1</i>. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977</li> |
| <li>Lyra, Heitor. <i>História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3</i>. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977</li> |
| <li>Lustosa, Isabel. <i>D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter</i>. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0807-2" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0807-2">85-359-0807-2</a></li> |
| <li>Moreira, Igor A. G. <i>O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil</i>. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981</li> |
| <li>Munro, Dana Gardner. <i>The Latin American Republics; A History</i>. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.</li> |
| <li>Peres, Damião (1949) <i>O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade</i> Porto: Portucalense.</li> |
| <li>Scheina, Robert L. <i>Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8">0-87021-295-8</a></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lilia_Moritz_Schwarcz" title="Lilia Moritz Schwarcz">Lilia Schwarcz</a> (30 November 1998). <i><a href="/wiki/As_Barbas_do_Imperador" title="As Barbas do Imperador">As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos</a></i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: <a href="/wiki/Companhia_das_Letras" title="Companhia das Letras">Companhia das Letras</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1"><bdi>978-85-7164-837-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL142027M">142027M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18238040" class="extiw" title="d:Q18238040">Q18238040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+barbas+do+imperador%3A+D.+Pedro+II%2C+um+monarca+nos+tr%C3%B3picos&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft_id=%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL142027M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-85-7164-837-1&rft.au=Lilia+Schwarcz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Stuart B. Schwartz</a> <i>Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil</i> (1973) |
| <ul><li><i>Early Latin America</i> (1983)</li> |
| <li><i>Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society</i> (1985)</li></ul></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Skidmore" title="Thomas Skidmore">Skidmore, Thomas E</a>. <i>Brazil: Five Centuries of Change</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999) |
| <ul><li><i>Uma História do Brasil</i>. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-219-0313-8" title="Special:BookSources/85-219-0313-8">85-219-0313-8</a></li></ul></li> |
| <li>Souza, Adriana Barreto de. <i>Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0864-5">978-85-200-0864-5</a>.</li> |
| <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWright1992">Wright, Simon. 1992. <i>Villa-Lobos</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315475-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315475-7">0-19-315475-7</a></cite></li> |
| <li>Vainfas, Ronaldo. <i>Dicionário do Brasil Imperial</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7302-441-0" title="Special:BookSources/85-7302-441-0">85-7302-441-0</a></li> |
| <li>Vesentini, José William. <i>Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil</i>. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988</li> |
| <li>Vianna, Hélio. <i>História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república</i>, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994</li> |
| <li>Zirin, Dave. <i>Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy</i> Haymarket Books 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-360-2">978-1-60846-360-2</a></li></ul> |
| </div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"/><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> |
| <ul><li>Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. <i>The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries</i> (SUNY Press, 2019)</li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlves,_Maria_Helena_Moreira1985" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). <i>State and Opposition in Military Brazil</i>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Opposition+in+Military+Brazil&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Alves%2C+Maria+Helena+Moreira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAmann,_Edmund1990" class="citation book cs1">Amann, Edmund (1990). <i>The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso</i>. World Development (pp. 1805–19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusion+of+Stability%3A+The+Brazilian+Economy+under+Cardoso&rft.pub=World+Development+%28pp.+1805%E2%80%9319%29&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Amann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm">"Background Note: Brazil"</a>. US Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Brazil&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F35640.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBellos,_Alex2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellos, Alex (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell"><i>Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life</i></a></span>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futebol%3A+The+Brazilian+Way+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+plc&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Bellos%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutebolbrazilian0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBethell,_Leslie1991" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (1991). <i>Colonial Brazil</i>. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Bethell%2C+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCosta,_João_Cruz1964" class="citation book cs1">Costa, João Cruz (1964). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost"><i>A History of Ideas in Brazil</i></a></span>. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ideas+in+Brazil&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Costa%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofideasin0000cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFausto,_Boris1999" class="citation book cs1">Fausto, Boris (1999). <i>A Concise History of Brazil</i>. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Fausto%2C+Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFurtado,_Celso1963" class="citation book cs1">Furtado, Celso (1963). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000furt"><i>The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times</i></a></span>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Growth+of+Brazil%3A+A+Survey+from+Colonial+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Furtado%2C+Celso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicgrowthof0000furt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLamoureuxand_three_others1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brazil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brazil">"Brazil" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 438–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=438-463&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rft.au=and+three+others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLeal,_Victor_Nunes1977" class="citation book cs1">Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). <i>Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil</i>. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronelismo%3A+The+Municipality+and+Representative+Government+in+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Leal%2C+Victor+Nunes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li>Levine, Robert M. <i>Historical Dictionary of Brazil</i> (2019)</li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMalathronas,_John2003" class="citation book cs1">Malathronas, John (2003). <i>Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul</i>. Chichester: Summersdale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Life%2C+Blood%2C+Soul&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Malathronas%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-Lara,_Javier1995" class="citation book cs1">Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). <i>Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Democracy+in+Brazil%3A+The+Politics+of+Constitutional+Change&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Martinez-Lara%2C+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPrado_Júnior,_Caio1967" class="citation book cs1">Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). <i>The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil</i>. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Background+of+Modern+Brazil&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Prado+J%C3%BAnior%2C+Caio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchneider,_Ronald1995" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Ronald (1995). <i>Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse</i>. Boulder Westview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Culture+and+Politics+in+a+New+Economic+Powerhouse&rft.pub=Boulder+Westview&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore,_Thomas_E.1974" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid"><i>Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501776-2"><bdi>978-0-19-501776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+into+White%3A+Race+and+Nationality+in+Brazilian+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501776-2&rft.au=Skidmore%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackintowhitera0000skid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> |
| <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWagley,_Charles1963" class="citation book cs1">Wagley, Charles (1963). <i>An Introduction to Brazil</i>. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Brazil&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Wagley%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> |
| </div> |
| <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> |
| <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097025294">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> |
| <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> |
| <b>Brazil</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> |
| <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> |
| <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Brazil">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brasil" class="extiw" title="c:Brasil">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Brazil" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Brazil">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Brazil" class="extiw" title="q:Brazil">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Brazil">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Brazil">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazil" class="extiw" title="voy:Brazil">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Brazil">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155" class="extiw" title="d:Q155">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <p><b>Government</b> |
| </p> |
| <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/">Brazilian Federal Government</a></li> |
| <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/">Official Tourist Guide of Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Brazil" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Brazil">Wikimedia Atlas of Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/59470">Brazil</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> |
| <p><span class="anchor" id="Related_information"></span> |
| </p> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil_topics" title="Template talk:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Brazil_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to Brazil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gnome-globe.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><span class="nowrap"> </span>Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> |
| <p><b><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span> Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=15_45_S_47_57_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°45′S</span> <span class="longitude">47°57′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.750°S 47.950°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-15.750; -47.950</span></span></span></a></span> <span style="color:darkblue">(Brasilia)</span></b> |
| </p> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_South_America&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img alt="South America (orthographic projection).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template talk:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste </a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_CPLP.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag CPLP.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/150px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/225px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/300px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="701" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Executive Secretariat</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Flag of the CPLP</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/CPLP_Games" title="CPLP Games">CPLP Games</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries#CPLP_Summits" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_CPLP_Summit" title="1st CPLP Summit">I – Lisbon</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_CPLP_Summit" title="2nd CPLP Summit">II – Praia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_CPLP_Summit" title="3rd CPLP Summit">III – Maputo</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/4th_CPLP_Summit" title="4th CPLP Summit">IV – Brasília</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/5th_CPLP_Summit" title="5th CPLP Summit">V – São Tomé</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/6th_CPLP_Summit" title="6th CPLP Summit">VI – Bissau</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/7th_CPLP_Summit" title="7th CPLP Summit">VII – Lisbon</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/8th_CPLP_Summit" title="8th CPLP Summit">VIII – Luanda</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/9th_CPLP_Summit" title="9th CPLP Summit">IX – Maputo</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/10th_CPLP_Summit" title="10th CPLP Summit">X – Díli</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/11th_CPLP_Summit" title="11th CPLP Summit">XI – Brasília</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/12th_CPLP_Summit" title="12th CPLP Summit">XII – Ilha do Sal</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanic" title="Lusitanic">Lusitanic</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone_music" title="Lusophone music">Lusophone music</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACOLOP" title="ACOLOP">ACOLOP</a> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophony_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophony Games">Lusophony Games</a></li></ul></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Portuguese is an official language">Countries with Portuguese as an official language</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_organisations_which_have_Portuguese_as_an_official_language" title="List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language">International organizations with Portuguese as an official languages</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Category:Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Category</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mercosur&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="(Southern_Common_Market)">(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_Members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (being transitioned into full membership)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Organization_of_American_States&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G8_nations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G20&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G-15_nations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:BRICS&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li></ol> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a> (Brazil)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> (Russia)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a> (India)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a> (China)</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">BRICS Leaders</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
| <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arab_League&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*Category&#124;link=&#124;16x16px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;alt=_Arab_League_*List-Class_article&#124;link=&#124;16x16px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;alt=_Lists"> |
| <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> |
| <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> |
| <li>Joint Defence Council</li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="image"><img alt="Emblem of the Arab League.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> |
| <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> |
| </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> |
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| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> |
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| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li> |
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| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> |
| <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> |
| <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
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| <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142985214">1</a></span></li></ul></li> |
| <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-113145067301666631403/">WorldCat</a></span> |
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| <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206830/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> |
| <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003393">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> |
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| <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a> |
| <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02643895X">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> |
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| <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brasil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Brazil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Brazil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li></ul> |
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| <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Бразилэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бразилие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%8D" title="ብራዚል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Бразилиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܒܪܐܙܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Պրազիլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8sil" title="Brèsil – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্ৰাজিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindor%C3%A1ma" title="Pindoráma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrasil" title="Wrasil – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্রাজিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-se" title="Pa-se – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Basa Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразілія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразылія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राज़ील – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="པུ་རུ་ཟིལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlie" title="Brazílie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لبريزيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ބުރެޒިލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintaa%CA%BCan%C3%A9h%C3%A9_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Kintaaʼanéhé Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilska" title="Brazilska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="བཱརཱ་ཛིལ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia" title="Brasiilia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βραζιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E1%B9%A1il" title="Braṡil – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бразилия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilo" title="Brazilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil" title="Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylje" title="Brazylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barazil" title="Barazil – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%AEl" title="Brasîl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhrasa%C3%ADl" title="An Bhrasaíl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vrasseel" title="Yn Vrasseel – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisil" title="Braisil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Бразилехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برزيل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2" title="બ્રાઝિલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌹𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राझील – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2-s%C3%AE" title="Pâ-sî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Бразилмудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88" title="브라질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakila" title="Palakila – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բրազիլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राज़ील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilska" title="Brazilska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্রাজিল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasilaq" title="Parasilaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBrazili" title="IBrazili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil%C3%ADa" title="Brasilía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piresiili" title="Piresiili – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylsk%C3%B4" title="Brazylskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burezile" title="Burezile – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasila" title="Brasila – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezil" title="Brezil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9zil" title="Brézil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brez%C3%AEl" title="Brezîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili" title="Brazili – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດບະເຣຊິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazileja" title="Brazileja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlija" title="Brazīlija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilija" title="Brazilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brax%C3%AE" title="Braxî – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziilii" title="Braziilii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/razgu%27e" title="razgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlia" title="Brazília – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezila" title="Brezila – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD" title="ബ്രസീൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C5%BCil" title="Brażil – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABhi" title="Parīhi – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राझील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯓꯤꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-s%C4%83%CC%A4" title="Bă-să̤ – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘရာဇီးနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na mw-list-item"><a href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradir" title="Bradir – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dorerin Naoero</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasila" title="Barasila – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB" title="ブラジル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8B%DF%96%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%9F" title="ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilien" title="Brasiilien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel" title="Bresel – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9si" title="Brési – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бразилий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraazil" title="Biraazil – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्रासील – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ប្រេស៊ីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil" title="Brésil – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylia" title="Brazylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABihi" title="Parīihi – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasil" title="Prasil – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразілія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasila" title="Pasila – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्रासील – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱽᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili" title="Brazili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasili" title="Brasili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බ්රසීලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhurazili" title="IBhurazili – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlia" title="Brazília – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilija" title="Brazilija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Браꙁїлїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylijo" title="Brazylijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasiil" title="Barasiil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بەڕازیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilkondre" title="Brasilkondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரேசில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lbrazil" title="Lbrazil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча/tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပရႃႇၸီး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్రెజిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADl" title="Brazíl – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ประเทศบราซิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%8D" title="ብራዚል – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%B5" title="ᏆᏏᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya" title="Brezilya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%BDa" title="Braziliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CC%B1razi%CC%B1t" title="Bi̱razi̱t – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразилія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="برازىلىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsih" title="Bahsih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazi%C5%82e" title="Braziłe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilii" title="Brazilii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil%C3%A4n" title="Brasilän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia" title="Brasiilia – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braezi" title="Braezi – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Classical Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breesil" title="Breesil – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="בראזיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya" title="Brezilya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezili%C3%AB" title="Brezilië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Brazilėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> |
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[\"CITEREFCosta,_João_Cruz1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Levinson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Ward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Assis_PoiaresDe_Sá_OsorioSpanholColtre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDo_G1,_em_São_Paulo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_H._Johnston2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDonna_M._Di_Grazia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuduka_Da_FonsecaBob_Weiner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbrapa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmakoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExército\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExército_Brasileiro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabiano_DeffentiWelber_Oliveira_Barral2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto,_Boris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernanda_Castello_Branco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraccioli,_PatríciaSilveira,_Eliane_Augusta_da2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaine1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForjaz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreyre1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurtado,_Celso1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG1Brasília2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayle_Kassing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Richard_PotterHenry_Clifford_DarbyHarold_Fullard1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard_Martin_La_ForgiaBernard_F._Couttolenc2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerreiro-JuniorBisso-MachadoMarreroHünemeier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilherme_Lohmann_Palhares2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHansenPotapovMooreHancher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayme_A._Sokolow.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_de_Léry1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_NeilsonBill_Pritchard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_C._Mosher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_Lesser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_BlankeThea_Chiesa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Adelman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_S._Vincent.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_S._Vincent2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Watts_\u0026amp;_Donna_Bowater\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_DominguezByung_Kook_Kim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_María_Bello1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamoureuxand_three_others1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaplane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Crook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_F._Wolper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeal,_Victor_Nunes1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_Marsh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._SchaeferJ._Poffenbarger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalathronas,_John2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcelo_S._Alencar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Herrera-Sobek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Stella_Ferreira-Levy1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez-Lara,_Javier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartins1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Campbell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_SchmidtVincent_OnyangoDmytro_Palekhov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMing_LiEric_W._MacIntoshGonzalo_A._Bravo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistério_da_Ciência,_Tecnologia_e_Inovação\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistério_do_Turismo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMizokami2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoniz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNassif2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO.C._Ferreira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECDOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerlee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParraAmadoLambertucciRocha2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Stevenson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaBastos-RodriguesPimentaBydlowski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaDi_PietroFuchshuber-MoraesGenro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereiraLessaCardoso\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Collecott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Fryer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilander2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrado_Júnior,_Caio1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_P._Tucker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_M._LevineJohn_J._Crocitti1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberto_Gonzalez_EchevarríaEnrique_Pupo-Walker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider,_Ronald1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarcz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_W._Burges2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevcenko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoichetMcKirdy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidmore,_Thomas_E.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmallman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa_A._Meade2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Central_Intelligence_Agency2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTose\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsa_Ibp_Usa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViscount_of_Taunay1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagley,_Charles1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne_E._Lee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_JeynesDavid_W._Robinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Carvalho2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Moura2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Media\"] = 1,\n [\"Related_information\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BRICS\"] = 1,\n [\"Brazil Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Brazil topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 16,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 169,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear right\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 28,\n [\"Coord\"] = 4,\n [\"Countries of South America\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"G-15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"G8+5\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-pt\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 31,\n [\"In lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-pt\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 37,\n [\"Mercosur\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 11,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 7,\n [\"Organization of American States\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 7,\n [\"USD\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Union of South American Nations topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vunblist\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Lilia Schwarcz\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","340","10.6"],["?","320","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","320","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:41\u003E","180","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","160","5.0"],["(for generator)","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","3.8"],["[others]","900","28.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw1369","timestamp":"20221021194648","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> |
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